WEBVTT 1 00:00:23.270 --> 00:00:24.360 Thank you for clicking 2 00:00:24.360 --> 00:00:27.610 on this Volcano Awareness Month talk. 3 00:00:27.610 --> 00:00:28.720 In this presentation, 4 00:00:28.720 --> 00:00:32.440 I'm going to summarize many of the deformation signals 5 00:00:32.440 --> 00:00:35.810 that we saw on Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes 6 00:00:35.810 --> 00:00:37.193 over the past year. 7 00:00:38.760 --> 00:00:39.593 First of all, though, 8 00:00:39.593 --> 00:00:44.110 I wanna introduce the basic concept of volcano deformation, 9 00:00:44.110 --> 00:00:47.430 and why do volcanoes deform? 10 00:00:47.430 --> 00:00:50.360 The basic scenario starts with magma 11 00:00:50.360 --> 00:00:52.810 starting to move into a volcano, 12 00:00:52.810 --> 00:00:55.530 much like you can see in this cartoon, 13 00:00:55.530 --> 00:00:59.623 magma upwelling into the surrounding rock. 14 00:01:01.130 --> 00:01:03.960 This has the effect of pushing on this rock, 15 00:01:03.960 --> 00:01:05.810 moving it upwards. 16 00:01:05.810 --> 00:01:08.440 And these dots here represent all of our instruments, 17 00:01:08.440 --> 00:01:11.570 our GPS instruments, our tiltmeters. 18 00:01:11.570 --> 00:01:15.530 Each of those then show motion, in the case of GPS, 19 00:01:15.530 --> 00:01:17.690 or they show changing ground slope 20 00:01:17.690 --> 00:01:19.680 in the case of the tiltmeters. 21 00:01:20.570 --> 00:01:22.850 You also start to stress out 22 00:01:22.850 --> 00:01:25.970 all the rock around the magma chamber, 23 00:01:25.970 --> 00:01:28.303 which creates a zone of earthquakes. 24 00:01:29.140 --> 00:01:32.250 Finally, when you reach a stress threshold, 25 00:01:32.250 --> 00:01:35.110 an eruption occurs and at that point, 26 00:01:35.110 --> 00:01:38.650 magma moves out of the summit reservoir to feed the eruption 27 00:01:38.650 --> 00:01:40.180 and you see the opposite signal, 28 00:01:40.180 --> 00:01:43.810 deflation of those same instruments. 29 00:01:43.810 --> 00:01:48.160 So this is the most straightforward scenario. 30 00:01:48.160 --> 00:01:50.260 Volcanoes like Kīlauea and Mauna Loa 31 00:01:50.260 --> 00:01:52.260 are rarely so straightforward. 32 00:01:52.260 --> 00:01:53.600 But nonetheless, in general, 33 00:01:53.600 --> 00:01:56.700 inflation shows us that magma is moving into an area 34 00:01:56.700 --> 00:02:00.053 and deflation shows us that magma is moving out of it. 35 00:02:03.000 --> 00:02:07.297 Two of the instruments that we use most frequently are GPS, 36 00:02:08.530 --> 00:02:10.640 which is shown on the left. 37 00:02:10.640 --> 00:02:13.560 In this case, we don't move around with the GPS. 38 00:02:13.560 --> 00:02:16.293 Instead, we fix the antenna very firmly into the ground 39 00:02:16.293 --> 00:02:19.470 so that we can measure very precisely 40 00:02:19.470 --> 00:02:24.470 how that single spot of the volcano is moving. 41 00:02:25.660 --> 00:02:30.660 And then on the right is the basic depiction of a tiltmeter. 42 00:02:31.540 --> 00:02:36.380 And this long thin instrument here is the tiltmeter. 43 00:02:36.380 --> 00:02:38.850 This bubble level is inside that cylinder, 44 00:02:38.850 --> 00:02:42.183 and the cylinder goes down the borehole here. 45 00:02:43.890 --> 00:02:47.200 Fundamentally, inside this tiltmeter is a bubble level 46 00:02:47.200 --> 00:02:52.020 not unlike a level that you're used to using in your house, 47 00:02:52.020 --> 00:02:55.303 but extremely, extremely sensitive. 48 00:02:58.996 --> 00:03:02.720 This is a figure showing GPS velocity vectors 49 00:03:04.780 --> 00:03:08.723 from the past year spanning Mauna Loa and Kīlauea. 50 00:03:09.711 --> 00:03:14.000 You can see Mauna Loa here on the left 51 00:03:14.000 --> 00:03:17.740 with Moku‘āweoweo caldera up at the top. 52 00:03:17.740 --> 00:03:19.970 Here is Kīlauea's summit. 53 00:03:19.970 --> 00:03:22.630 This an old DEM, 54 00:03:22.630 --> 00:03:24.330 so there's the old Halema‘uma‘u 55 00:03:25.460 --> 00:03:29.470 and then the East Rift is coming off to the east 56 00:03:29.470 --> 00:03:32.543 out here towards the lower East Rift Zone. 57 00:03:33.490 --> 00:03:36.340 So this is essentially a summary of the deformation 58 00:03:36.340 --> 00:03:38.800 that we've seen over the past year, 59 00:03:38.800 --> 00:03:41.853 and I'll come back to various parts of this later. 60 00:03:44.000 --> 00:03:46.200 I also want to introduce 61 00:03:46.200 --> 00:03:50.110 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar or InSAR. 62 00:03:50.110 --> 00:03:52.590 This is a satellite-based method 63 00:03:52.590 --> 00:03:56.423 that gets an image of deformation spanning a wide area. 64 00:03:57.400 --> 00:03:59.890 One of the satellites that we use a lot 65 00:03:59.890 --> 00:04:04.890 is the European Space Agency's Sentinel-1 satellites, 66 00:04:05.670 --> 00:04:08.083 which I believe is what's in the picture there. 67 00:04:08.940 --> 00:04:12.080 For InSAR, we need two passes of the satellite. 68 00:04:12.080 --> 00:04:16.520 So we need it to fly over the ground once, 69 00:04:16.520 --> 00:04:20.560 and then fly over again on day two. 70 00:04:20.560 --> 00:04:23.930 And we take the difference in the soundings 71 00:04:23.930 --> 00:04:25.430 from those two days 72 00:04:25.430 --> 00:04:28.793 in order to generate a map of what we call range change. 73 00:04:29.980 --> 00:04:34.410 So here this animation on the right is showing at the top, 74 00:04:34.410 --> 00:04:36.790 this is what the deformation might be, 75 00:04:36.790 --> 00:04:40.020 so you might have subsidence and uplift. 76 00:04:40.020 --> 00:04:44.940 And then at the bottom is the corresponding InSAR image. 77 00:04:44.940 --> 00:04:48.830 And so you can see these rainbow patterns, these fringes. 78 00:04:48.830 --> 00:04:52.640 This is because the radar wave is an electromagnetic wave 79 00:04:52.640 --> 00:04:57.160 with a phase going from zero to 360 degrees, 80 00:04:57.160 --> 00:04:59.810 or zero to two pi radians. 81 00:04:59.810 --> 00:05:01.210 And so each of these fringes 82 00:05:01.210 --> 00:05:04.433 shows one cycle of this electromagnetic wave. 83 00:05:06.300 --> 00:05:11.120 And InSAR can produce images of Hawai‘i that look like this. 84 00:05:11.120 --> 00:05:14.370 So you can see we have coverage over the entire island 85 00:05:14.370 --> 00:05:16.120 instead of individual points 86 00:05:16.120 --> 00:05:19.190 like we do with GPS or tiltmeters. 87 00:05:19.190 --> 00:05:21.570 This is an example of an InSAR image 88 00:05:21.570 --> 00:05:23.963 called an interferogram over Hawai‘i. 89 00:05:25.040 --> 00:05:28.990 This interferogram is from the Sentinel-1 satellite. 90 00:05:28.990 --> 00:05:31.390 It's a descending mode orbit, 91 00:05:31.390 --> 00:05:34.460 meaning satellites flying from north to south. 92 00:05:34.460 --> 00:05:38.540 It's looking in this direction towards the west. 93 00:05:38.540 --> 00:05:42.510 So the satellite is sending its energy 94 00:05:42.510 --> 00:05:45.950 off at an angle towards the west. 95 00:05:45.950 --> 00:05:49.677 The first acquisition day was November 14th, 2020, 96 00:05:49.677 --> 00:05:54.140 and the second acquisition day was November 21st of 2021. 97 00:05:54.140 --> 00:05:57.143 So spanning almost exactly a year. 98 00:05:58.390 --> 00:05:59.340 As I said before, 99 00:05:59.340 --> 00:06:01.210 these fringes show range change 100 00:06:01.210 --> 00:06:04.520 and range change just means the change in distance 101 00:06:04.520 --> 00:06:07.040 between the ground and the satellite. 102 00:06:07.040 --> 00:06:10.050 And because the satellite looks at an angle 103 00:06:10.050 --> 00:06:12.070 and not straight down, 104 00:06:12.070 --> 00:06:15.760 that range change is affected by both horizontal 105 00:06:15.760 --> 00:06:17.870 and vertical motion. 106 00:06:17.870 --> 00:06:20.150 So what's important about this is that what it means 107 00:06:20.150 --> 00:06:23.280 is that sometimes these fringes have patterns 108 00:06:23.280 --> 00:06:26.960 that can be non-intuitive to interpret. 109 00:06:26.960 --> 00:06:28.940 So the center of the fringes 110 00:06:28.940 --> 00:06:32.120 might not necessarily be the center of uplift. 111 00:06:32.120 --> 00:06:34.550 And certainly, it's not exactly correct 112 00:06:34.550 --> 00:06:38.530 to interpret the fringes as just uplift, 113 00:06:38.530 --> 00:06:42.563 which can be tempting because they look like topo contours. 114 00:06:44.160 --> 00:06:47.860 Another item to be aware of with the interferogram 115 00:06:47.860 --> 00:06:52.400 is that it's also sensitive to atmospheric water vapor. 116 00:06:52.400 --> 00:06:54.420 And as all of us here in Hawai‘i know, 117 00:06:54.420 --> 00:06:57.060 we have lots of atmospheric water vapor. 118 00:06:57.060 --> 00:06:59.700 So one of the reasons why I chose this interferogram 119 00:06:59.700 --> 00:07:02.410 was because it has particularly nice, 120 00:07:02.410 --> 00:07:06.590 very low atmospheric noise in this interferogram. 121 00:07:06.590 --> 00:07:08.650 However, there is still some. 122 00:07:08.650 --> 00:07:12.620 So in particular, this band here around Mauna Loa, 123 00:07:12.620 --> 00:07:14.400 which is essentially the fog bank 124 00:07:14.400 --> 00:07:19.400 that surrounds that volcano very often. 125 00:07:20.240 --> 00:07:23.470 This is the atmospheric effect of the interferogram. 126 00:07:23.470 --> 00:07:27.360 There's also a modeled pattern here on the south flank, 127 00:07:27.360 --> 00:07:31.900 which is relatively small in this image, 128 00:07:31.900 --> 00:07:33.630 but can be a lot worse. 129 00:07:33.630 --> 00:07:35.640 This is also turbulent atmosphere 130 00:07:35.640 --> 00:07:39.440 that often happens here on the south flank. 131 00:07:39.440 --> 00:07:41.690 Likewise, some of these patterns here 132 00:07:41.690 --> 00:07:43.723 around Hualālai on the Kona side, 133 00:07:44.750 --> 00:07:47.320 and up here on the Kohala coast 134 00:07:49.410 --> 00:07:52.510 are atmospheric in origin also. 135 00:07:52.510 --> 00:07:53.513 So typically, 136 00:07:54.720 --> 00:07:59.720 we look for a signal spanning several interferograms 137 00:07:59.720 --> 00:08:01.320 taken from different days 138 00:08:01.320 --> 00:08:04.640 before saying that any type of a subtle signal 139 00:08:04.640 --> 00:08:05.870 is deformation. 140 00:08:05.870 --> 00:08:08.540 However, some of the signals are so prominent. 141 00:08:08.540 --> 00:08:11.020 It's very clear that they're deformation 142 00:08:11.020 --> 00:08:12.410 and not likely atmosphere 143 00:08:12.410 --> 00:08:15.360 as you can see with some of the fringes 144 00:08:15.360 --> 00:08:16.653 here along volcanoes. 145 00:08:17.700 --> 00:08:20.090 So coming back slightly to this idea 146 00:08:20.090 --> 00:08:23.890 of the center of the fringes 147 00:08:23.890 --> 00:08:26.250 not necessarily being the center of uplift, 148 00:08:26.250 --> 00:08:29.110 I want to zoom in here on Mauna Loa, 149 00:08:29.110 --> 00:08:32.490 which is a very good example of this. 150 00:08:32.490 --> 00:08:35.740 So this is the motion of Mauna Loa 151 00:08:35.740 --> 00:08:39.680 as seen by satellite radar over the past year. 152 00:08:39.680 --> 00:08:40.513 Looking at this, 153 00:08:40.513 --> 00:08:42.300 you might think that all of the deformation 154 00:08:42.300 --> 00:08:46.180 was happening here on the east side. 155 00:08:46.180 --> 00:08:49.310 However, if we also bring up GPS vectors 156 00:08:49.310 --> 00:08:51.540 from the same time period, 157 00:08:51.540 --> 00:08:55.140 we see a much more symmetric deformation pattern. 158 00:08:55.140 --> 00:08:58.893 So certainly, there is more motion here on the east side, 159 00:08:59.870 --> 00:09:01.260 as is typical. 160 00:09:01.260 --> 00:09:05.110 This is part of the long-term flank motion on Mauna Loa, 161 00:09:05.110 --> 00:09:08.443 but there is deformation on both sides of the volcano. 162 00:09:09.310 --> 00:09:10.810 What's happening here 163 00:09:10.810 --> 00:09:15.810 is that the horizontal motion away and the uplift, 164 00:09:16.530 --> 00:09:18.960 which pulls it towards the satellite, 165 00:09:18.960 --> 00:09:23.110 are canceling out to create essentially no range change 166 00:09:23.110 --> 00:09:24.970 in this area. 167 00:09:24.970 --> 00:09:28.000 So this is an example of how these two types of instruments 168 00:09:28.000 --> 00:09:29.533 really complement each other. 169 00:09:30.430 --> 00:09:35.430 So we can get sort of a ground-truth 3D motion from GPS, 170 00:09:36.810 --> 00:09:40.620 whereas the InSAR gives us a full continuous picture 171 00:09:40.620 --> 00:09:44.023 of deformation rather than these individual points. 172 00:09:45.020 --> 00:09:48.500 So deformation at Mauna Loa has been very modest. 173 00:09:48.500 --> 00:09:50.600 There's been very little motion 174 00:09:50.600 --> 00:09:53.503 above sort of our background, 175 00:09:54.370 --> 00:09:57.570 just a tiny bit of continued inflation. 176 00:09:57.570 --> 00:10:00.730 However, it still produced some interesting signals 177 00:10:00.730 --> 00:10:02.660 this past year. 178 00:10:02.660 --> 00:10:06.380 In particular, a very interesting tilt signal 179 00:10:06.380 --> 00:10:10.390 and that tilt here is this middle box. 180 00:10:10.390 --> 00:10:13.510 This upper box is a histogram of seismicity. 181 00:10:13.510 --> 00:10:17.240 And this lower box is GPS line length, 182 00:10:17.240 --> 00:10:20.710 so change in distance across the caldera, 183 00:10:20.710 --> 00:10:23.683 essentially a change between two GPS stations. 184 00:10:25.130 --> 00:10:27.920 And this tilt signal may not look like much, 185 00:10:27.920 --> 00:10:30.542 it's only about six radians. 186 00:10:30.542 --> 00:10:33.020 This was a truly unprecedented signal 187 00:10:33.020 --> 00:10:37.490 because never before have we seen a tilt signal at Mauna Loa 188 00:10:37.490 --> 00:10:41.780 that we could clearly attribute to volcanic processes. 189 00:10:41.780 --> 00:10:44.100 SO we see lots of motion on the tiltmeters, 190 00:10:44.100 --> 00:10:48.923 but they're generally due to seasonal freeze and thaw, 191 00:10:49.880 --> 00:10:54.270 pressure changes, daily diurnal heating. 192 00:10:54.270 --> 00:10:58.330 We've not yet seen something, not until March, 193 00:10:58.330 --> 00:10:59.530 had we seen something 194 00:10:59.530 --> 00:11:03.370 that we could very clearly attribute to the volcano itself. 195 00:11:03.370 --> 00:11:04.860 And this might be surprising for people 196 00:11:04.860 --> 00:11:07.580 who are used to looking at Kīlauea, 197 00:11:07.580 --> 00:11:10.300 where we see tilt signals all the time 198 00:11:10.300 --> 00:11:13.900 and they're very, very clear and precise. 199 00:11:13.900 --> 00:11:17.313 It really comes down to the depth of the magma chambers. 200 00:11:18.240 --> 00:11:20.360 Kīlauea has a very shallow magma chamber 201 00:11:20.360 --> 00:11:25.170 that makes tilt changes show up very clearly. 202 00:11:25.170 --> 00:11:27.063 Mauna Loa's is somewhat deeper. 203 00:11:28.870 --> 00:11:33.460 It doesn't map into tilt quite so readily. 204 00:11:33.460 --> 00:11:38.020 So this was kind of exciting just for being unprecedented. 205 00:11:38.020 --> 00:11:42.450 However, after this sort of contraction event stopped, 206 00:11:42.450 --> 00:11:45.050 Mauna Loa got very quiet. 207 00:11:45.050 --> 00:11:46.480 So whatever was going on, 208 00:11:46.480 --> 00:11:49.653 whatever it was trying to tell us with this event, 209 00:11:50.530 --> 00:11:52.120 it then went very quiet 210 00:11:52.120 --> 00:11:55.503 and then that's how it's been since last March. 211 00:11:57.660 --> 00:12:00.720 So now let's move on to Kīlauea. 212 00:12:00.720 --> 00:12:02.000 And first I'll start out 213 00:12:02.000 --> 00:12:05.320 at the very end of the East Rift Zone 214 00:12:05.320 --> 00:12:06.763 in the lower East Rift Zone. 215 00:12:09.600 --> 00:12:13.130 First of all, I wanna say what it is 216 00:12:13.130 --> 00:12:15.520 that I don't see in this pattern 217 00:12:15.520 --> 00:12:20.520 and what I don't see any indication of magma moving into 218 00:12:20.620 --> 00:12:24.323 or moving out of the East Rift in this region. 219 00:12:25.180 --> 00:12:27.630 This sort of modeled pattern, 220 00:12:27.630 --> 00:12:31.400 all of the hummocky stuff you can see through here, 221 00:12:31.400 --> 00:12:35.380 is consistent with cooling of these lava flows. 222 00:12:35.380 --> 00:12:40.380 So as they cool, they will subside quite a lot, 223 00:12:40.970 --> 00:12:42.330 which is what we're seeing here, 224 00:12:42.330 --> 00:12:46.780 especially in this area over Kapoho, 225 00:12:46.780 --> 00:12:49.690 we're seeing quite a lot of subsidence. 226 00:12:49.690 --> 00:12:51.770 So that's really the only signal 227 00:12:51.770 --> 00:12:54.803 that we see in interferograms in this region. 228 00:12:55.775 --> 00:12:58.710 And that can be corroborated here with the GPS. 229 00:12:58.710 --> 00:13:03.710 So these vectors are all very small and at the tip, 230 00:13:04.540 --> 00:13:05.803 sort of the smallest. 231 00:13:06.920 --> 00:13:11.650 There's really no indication here of any magma accumulation 232 00:13:11.650 --> 00:13:16.650 or magma moving out of the rift in the lower East Rift Zone. 233 00:13:19.900 --> 00:13:24.900 Moving up slightly here to the area around Pu‘u‘ō‘ō. 234 00:13:26.410 --> 00:13:28.160 The first thing to notice here 235 00:13:28.160 --> 00:13:31.650 is that the rainbow pattern of these fringes, 236 00:13:31.650 --> 00:13:35.970 blue-pink-yellow, is the opposite of the rainbow pattern 237 00:13:35.970 --> 00:13:38.210 at Mauna Loa and as we'll see later, 238 00:13:38.210 --> 00:13:41.190 the rainbow pattern at Kīlauea's summit. 239 00:13:41.190 --> 00:13:45.010 This is indicating that this is an area of subsidence 240 00:13:45.010 --> 00:13:47.323 rather than uplift. 241 00:13:49.320 --> 00:13:54.000 This subsidence only started in December 2020. 242 00:13:54.000 --> 00:13:56.080 So about the time that 243 00:13:56.080 --> 00:14:01.080 the first summit eruption post-2018 started, 244 00:14:01.120 --> 00:14:05.863 we saw it change from uplift to subsidence. 245 00:14:07.670 --> 00:14:10.010 Here's the GPS vector map. 246 00:14:10.010 --> 00:14:11.723 It's a little confused. 247 00:14:12.880 --> 00:14:15.530 All these vectors are plotting on top of each other 248 00:14:15.530 --> 00:14:17.150 so it's a little hard to see what's going on. 249 00:14:17.150 --> 00:14:19.490 Pu‘u‘ō‘ō is about here. 250 00:14:19.490 --> 00:14:21.520 But we can look at the time series here 251 00:14:21.520 --> 00:14:24.480 on one of these vectors. 252 00:14:24.480 --> 00:14:25.863 This is NPOC, 253 00:14:26.930 --> 00:14:30.890 which is just to the north of Pu‘u‘ō‘ō. 254 00:14:30.890 --> 00:14:35.120 And this time series here of uplift, 255 00:14:35.120 --> 00:14:39.820 so this is only the up component of the GPS station, 256 00:14:39.820 --> 00:14:42.340 starts right at the end of the 2018 eruption 257 00:14:42.340 --> 00:14:45.600 and goes until the end of 2021. 258 00:14:45.600 --> 00:14:48.650 So you can see for most of this time period, 259 00:14:48.650 --> 00:14:52.290 we saw fairly steady uplift 260 00:14:52.290 --> 00:14:55.900 as the rift began to be refilled. 261 00:14:55.900 --> 00:15:00.110 But starting just towards the end of 2020, 262 00:15:00.110 --> 00:15:03.630 that switched to a very modest deflation, 263 00:15:03.630 --> 00:15:05.643 which is just what we're seeing now. 264 00:15:09.800 --> 00:15:12.140 Moving even slightly more uprift, 265 00:15:12.140 --> 00:15:16.323 there's a very curious pattern in between Pu‘u‘ō‘ō 266 00:15:18.220 --> 00:15:19.590 and the summit. 267 00:15:19.590 --> 00:15:21.770 I won't talk too much about this. 268 00:15:21.770 --> 00:15:25.010 However, this signal we attribute to creep, 269 00:15:25.010 --> 00:15:27.563 fault creep in the eastern Koa‘e. 270 00:15:28.570 --> 00:15:29.920 Fault creep is a phenomenon 271 00:15:29.920 --> 00:15:34.920 where a fault will just slide steadily past itself 272 00:15:35.430 --> 00:15:38.880 rather than building up strain and generating an earthquake. 273 00:15:38.880 --> 00:15:43.880 So the fault here is just happily slipping slowly every day. 274 00:15:45.640 --> 00:15:49.570 This is a signal that we saw prior to 2018, 275 00:15:49.570 --> 00:15:51.973 so it's not a new phenomenon. 276 00:15:53.010 --> 00:15:55.090 But it is interesting that it continues 277 00:15:55.090 --> 00:15:59.090 and that it was quite prominent this past year. 278 00:15:59.090 --> 00:16:01.810 It was very, very clearly stuck out 279 00:16:01.810 --> 00:16:03.923 in this one-year interferogram. 280 00:16:06.720 --> 00:16:09.783 Now finally, we can come up to Kīlauea's summit. 281 00:16:11.310 --> 00:16:13.660 If you zoom in here, 282 00:16:13.660 --> 00:16:18.000 you can see most of the fringes 283 00:16:18.000 --> 00:16:20.770 that we see in this one-year interferogram 284 00:16:20.770 --> 00:16:25.700 are located here just south of the caldera region. 285 00:16:25.700 --> 00:16:29.010 So here's the caldera outline. 286 00:16:29.010 --> 00:16:30.470 Here's the outline. 287 00:16:30.470 --> 00:16:33.700 This is the portion we call the down-dropped block. 288 00:16:33.700 --> 00:16:38.700 And then this is the now the deeper Halema‘uma‘u crater. 289 00:16:39.950 --> 00:16:44.140 So most of the deformation in this one-year snapshot 290 00:16:45.010 --> 00:16:49.570 is due to an intrusion that occurred in August of 2021 291 00:16:49.570 --> 00:16:51.573 here in the south caldera region. 292 00:16:52.450 --> 00:16:53.740 If you look very closely, 293 00:16:53.740 --> 00:16:55.730 you can see some fringes here 294 00:16:55.730 --> 00:16:58.000 just circle in that down-dropped block. 295 00:16:58.000 --> 00:17:03.000 That is the deformation pattern associated with deflation 296 00:17:03.600 --> 00:17:06.350 during the two eruptions 297 00:17:06.350 --> 00:17:09.330 that were spanned by this interferogram. 298 00:17:09.330 --> 00:17:12.270 So you can see that compared to this intrusion, 299 00:17:12.270 --> 00:17:13.870 those are relatively modest 300 00:17:13.870 --> 00:17:18.870 and it's a very compact spatial extent 301 00:17:19.120 --> 00:17:23.543 that is really affected by the eruption deflation. 302 00:17:25.160 --> 00:17:27.940 Looking here at the GPS, 303 00:17:27.940 --> 00:17:29.643 we see sort of the same thing. 304 00:17:31.020 --> 00:17:33.000 We've got this nice radial pattern 305 00:17:33.000 --> 00:17:35.340 and if we kind of look for a midpoint here, 306 00:17:35.340 --> 00:17:36.370 this radial pattern 307 00:17:36.370 --> 00:17:39.410 we're actually locating somewhere south of the caldera. 308 00:17:39.410 --> 00:17:44.100 So the GPS also when we look at it in a full year snapshot, 309 00:17:44.100 --> 00:17:48.623 it's really being dominated by this south caldera intrusion. 310 00:17:50.912 --> 00:17:53.520 And we can break that down a little bit by station. 311 00:17:55.200 --> 00:17:58.660 First, we can look at the station CALM. 312 00:17:58.660 --> 00:18:01.840 CALM is located on that down-dropped block. 313 00:18:01.840 --> 00:18:03.420 It's as close as possible 314 00:18:03.420 --> 00:18:05.470 to the shallow Halema‘uma‘u reservoir. 315 00:18:05.470 --> 00:18:08.709 It's sort of as close to being on top of that 316 00:18:08.709 --> 00:18:11.120 as we could get it. 317 00:18:11.120 --> 00:18:15.430 And so you can see here a very steady increase 318 00:18:15.430 --> 00:18:20.250 indicating inflation of that shallow Halema‘uma‘u reservoir 319 00:18:20.250 --> 00:18:23.750 up until September of this year 320 00:18:23.750 --> 00:18:27.510 when this second summit eruption started, 321 00:18:27.510 --> 00:18:31.873 and we saw a rapid deflation as that eruption got started. 322 00:18:33.020 --> 00:18:38.010 You can contrast that with this Cone Peak station, 323 00:18:38.900 --> 00:18:41.550 which is not that far away from CALM. 324 00:18:41.550 --> 00:18:44.720 However, Cone Peak is outside of the caldera 325 00:18:44.720 --> 00:18:48.113 and out in the south caldera region. 326 00:18:48.950 --> 00:18:53.950 In this case, there was very little motion at Cone Peak. 327 00:18:54.160 --> 00:18:56.480 I should say that each of these time series 328 00:18:56.480 --> 00:18:58.560 is showing the up-down motion. 329 00:18:58.560 --> 00:19:01.420 So vertical motion at each of these sites. 330 00:19:01.420 --> 00:19:03.940 So this is uplift and then subsidence. 331 00:19:03.940 --> 00:19:06.540 So not much happening here. 332 00:19:06.540 --> 00:19:09.840 A little bit of uplift, and then here in August, 333 00:19:09.840 --> 00:19:11.420 as this intrusion came through, 334 00:19:11.420 --> 00:19:16.420 saw lots of uplift at Cone Peak and then slow subsidence. 335 00:19:17.130 --> 00:19:18.740 And Cone Peak was far enough away 336 00:19:18.740 --> 00:19:21.800 that you don't really see much deformation at all 337 00:19:21.800 --> 00:19:24.833 associated with the eruption. 338 00:19:26.210 --> 00:19:29.650 And CRIM, the caldera rim station, 339 00:19:29.650 --> 00:19:31.583 which is located just here. 340 00:19:32.843 --> 00:19:35.490 That kind of splits the difference. 341 00:19:35.490 --> 00:19:37.860 So you can see here there is some uplift, 342 00:19:37.860 --> 00:19:39.210 a little bit of uplift 343 00:19:39.210 --> 00:19:41.350 associated with that south caldera intrusion 344 00:19:41.350 --> 00:19:43.520 and then a little bit of subsidence 345 00:19:43.520 --> 00:19:47.070 associated with that eruption. 346 00:19:47.070 --> 00:19:50.160 So it kinda straddles both worlds. 347 00:19:50.160 --> 00:19:51.620 However, none of these stations 348 00:19:51.620 --> 00:19:53.340 are that far away from each other, 349 00:19:53.340 --> 00:19:54.280 and it gives you a sense 350 00:19:54.280 --> 00:19:57.870 for just how spatially heterogeneous 351 00:19:57.870 --> 00:20:00.170 the deformation patterns can be. 352 00:20:00.170 --> 00:20:04.743 If you go from one site to another, 353 00:20:05.670 --> 00:20:07.440 it doesn't look like 354 00:20:07.440 --> 00:20:10.480 they should be behaving all that differently, 355 00:20:10.480 --> 00:20:14.343 but they're showing very different patterns through time. 356 00:20:15.890 --> 00:20:20.510 So that is it for this year's summary. 357 00:20:20.510 --> 00:20:23.163 Just to summarize some of the takeaways. 358 00:20:24.340 --> 00:20:26.840 I just wanted to present lots of deformation. 359 00:20:26.840 --> 00:20:30.550 A lot of the interesting deformation 360 00:20:30.550 --> 00:20:32.140 throughout Kīlauea and Mauna Loa. 361 00:20:32.140 --> 00:20:34.100 So it's not just at eruption sites, 362 00:20:34.100 --> 00:20:37.438 but we see deformation throughout these volcanoes 363 00:20:37.438 --> 00:20:38.670 all the time. 364 00:20:38.670 --> 00:20:40.403 They're very active in that way. 365 00:20:41.663 --> 00:20:43.890 I wanted to emphasize that there's no clear deformation 366 00:20:43.890 --> 00:20:47.760 due to magma accumulation in the shallow East Rift Zone 367 00:20:47.760 --> 00:20:51.223 either in the lower or the middle East Rift Zones. 368 00:20:52.820 --> 00:20:56.090 Deflation following the eruptions at Kīlauea summit 369 00:20:56.090 --> 00:20:58.650 was localized and relatively modest. 370 00:20:58.650 --> 00:21:00.040 And then finally, 371 00:21:00.040 --> 00:21:02.770 by far the biggest signal that we saw this year 372 00:21:02.770 --> 00:21:04.700 was from this intrusion 373 00:21:04.700 --> 00:21:07.293 into the south caldera region in August. 374 00:21:08.580 --> 00:21:09.570 Part of the reason for that 375 00:21:09.570 --> 00:21:14.310 is what we're measuring with deformation is storage. 376 00:21:15.380 --> 00:21:17.660 If the magma is trapped 377 00:21:17.660 --> 00:21:21.310 and creating pressure in the magma chamber, 378 00:21:21.310 --> 00:21:23.010 that's when we see deformation. 379 00:21:23.010 --> 00:21:26.930 So in a sense, that intrusion where nothing was erupted 380 00:21:26.930 --> 00:21:29.580 really just pressurized that region 381 00:21:29.580 --> 00:21:32.823 and produced this nice big deformation signal. 382 00:21:33.770 --> 00:21:36.508 So of course, this was a talk all about deformation. 383 00:21:36.508 --> 00:21:37.341 And at this point, 384 00:21:37.341 --> 00:21:40.220 you may have seen the other Volcano Awareness Month talks 385 00:21:40.220 --> 00:21:43.620 on different data types in different disciplines. 386 00:21:43.620 --> 00:21:45.160 And I wanna emphasize 387 00:21:45.160 --> 00:21:47.770 that we take all of these data together; 388 00:21:47.770 --> 00:21:50.870 we never look at one data type in isolation. 389 00:21:50.870 --> 00:21:53.910 So in order to gain a complete picture 390 00:21:53.910 --> 00:21:57.123 of all the phenomenon that I've talked about today, 391 00:21:58.310 --> 00:22:01.100 we really look at all of these data together 392 00:22:01.100 --> 00:22:04.180 and bring together the perspectives 393 00:22:04.180 --> 00:22:06.970 of all the different scientists at the observatory. 394 00:22:06.970 --> 00:22:07.920 Alright, thank you.