WEBVTT NOTE duration:"01:25:58" NOTE recognizability:0.883 NOTE language:en-us NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 f61db0d1-f868-4199-9f85-9ab77e643f2f 00:00:18.660 --> 00:00:20.466 Hello and thank you for joining us NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 2ce8f2c2-4d24-4525-99ce-7a07e9f32217 00:00:20.466 --> 00:00:21.848 for this month. Public lecture. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 ed3996e3-60df-445a-9115-363404980d86 00:00:21.848 --> 00:00:24.280 My name is Amelia and I will be NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 327437e7-3df5-4468-8df2-0a5296974e52 00:00:24.354 --> 00:00:26.299 your host and moderator today. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 942d3104-a9a8-4737-9d71-59f15490cfeb 00:00:26.300 --> 00:00:29.408 As usual, we have some announcements. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 d8245cb2-18c3-476c-a67e-5bbf4859db43 00:00:29.410 --> 00:00:31.210 First tonight's lecture will be the NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 0952804f-b47c-4369-95d3-54443d74065e 00:00:31.210 --> 00:00:33.738 last one we have for the calendar year, NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 c69d8373-810e-4a68-8693-89f61f7180ca 00:00:33.740 --> 00:00:36.476 starting in January 2022 will be NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 b1cf1fdd-b161-4684-b4eb-f6a495bdbfe8 00:00:36.476 --> 00:00:39.760 back with a brand new start time, NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 e98c2c0d-9bc4-4ebc-b82e-f7b8abe564f0 00:00:39.760 --> 00:00:42.959 which will be at 6:00 PM Pacific NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 1b3a6225-c4ee-4128-9f67-8b1104e86c01 00:00:42.959 --> 00:00:45.583 Time and we will have a whole new NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 b2c83286-9fdf-4ed6-981f-6dfdf1875d8c 00:00:45.583 --> 00:00:47.654 set of lectures and amazing USG NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 668702a2-988a-4589-bbae-7deceb9206c6 00:00:47.654 --> 00:00:49.802 USGS science for you to enjoy, NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 0f7cf887-7ede-4f69-b527-66057b3cc1bb 00:00:49.810 --> 00:00:53.306 so make sure you mark your calendars for NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 563a7586-ff73-4b54-88e8-98591a275c3f 00:00:53.306 --> 00:00:57.085 January 27th at 6:00 PM Pacific Time to NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 272f38a3-bcd8-4e8c-8b16-8f254e92b817 00:00:57.085 --> 00:00:59.710 USGS research scientist Thomas Edwards. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 60d6ef51-3f73-4133-8bc1-a15839329c1f 00:00:59.710 --> 00:01:02.302 Will give us this lecture tentatively NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 06533ff1-3f68-46c0-9bfe-3b04a0b26740 00:01:02.302 --> 00:01:04.030 titled species here species, NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 6f090be0-0472-4f28-ba03-a33ab5e169da 00:01:04.030 --> 00:01:05.890 their species, species everywhere. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 2b7b8dff-8f9d-484d-99e0-309a8bd1aca7 00:01:05.890 --> 00:01:09.392 I hope you can come back in the NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 d70d0f75-9f56-4a58-aab4-74f0061d1a5f 00:01:09.392 --> 00:01:10.967 new Year and join us. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 8699a0f4-0b4e-4d6d-b403-a461e427b56a 00:01:10.970 --> 00:01:13.103 Now for those of you who are joining us NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 24470e7d-927f-431b-b4ab-0fbfb50767a6 00:01:13.103 --> 00:01:15.462 for the first time and you're watching NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 bf496171-8d0e-4202-b01b-e5ae22c96fa2 00:01:15.462 --> 00:01:17.735 through the desktop version and need to NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 b6d92af6-9e7a-49b7-8d84-678fe7b8eb59 00:01:17.735 --> 00:01:19.709 find the closed captions for this talk, NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 521b2841-955f-46c1-af27-79117a89ea8b 00:01:19.710 --> 00:01:21.366 they are located at the bottom NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 30ae8439-d030-4332-b919-ae84a8c652da 00:01:21.366 --> 00:01:23.119 right hand corner of the screen. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 d2333487-b3b9-4bd7-b3eb-817fbb563fb7 00:01:23.120 --> 00:01:25.507 It can click on the closed captions NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 a5f8293a-828e-4b7e-9b82-f3d6d9bb17c2 00:01:25.507 --> 00:01:27.579 icon with the two letter CS. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 621ebb51-b318-4686-b461-11560a0c98a3 00:01:27.580 --> 00:01:28.184 And lastly, NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 84538559-b098-48ee-b6df-6c27bd220b47 00:01:28.184 --> 00:01:30.298 toward the end of the lecture we NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 73ee0083-c453-4c31-a1d8-ec81b79eae85 00:01:30.298 --> 00:01:32.509 will open it up to the Q&A session. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 8143a18a-143a-4b18-b1e2-e9b8458d27e5 00:01:32.510 --> 00:01:34.645 Does it make your question just click NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 6edad3c5-0c21-4881-83bf-153e8ceaf88c 00:01:34.645 --> 00:01:37.082 on the question Mark Icon located on the NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 c7740450-0ed0-435c-8548-d0fbda8378ce 00:01:37.082 --> 00:01:39.299 upper right hand corner of your screen? NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 b769f2fa-5095-466c-8d7d-0b80f95fb60c 00:01:39.300 --> 00:01:40.840 We will do our best to get NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 da3736c3-5899-41c2-ab6b-5291b4793e3d 00:01:40.840 --> 00:01:41.950 to your questions tonight, NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 0afdd47f-8162-4f7a-8b6c-712f2f892560 00:01:41.950 --> 00:01:43.814 but please be aware that we might not NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 12882ec0-a697-49b4-b384-094f84765428 00:01:43.814 --> 00:01:45.730 be able to get to every single one, NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 8042ce46-c930-4876-bba2-bd3437f0cfd7 00:01:45.730 --> 00:01:47.970 but we will certainly try. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 70d39c2e-f290-4ac5-b11e-44ee9d8d3686 00:01:47.970 --> 00:01:50.352 And now it's time to introduce NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 50a3488b-fc79-4d98-be45-dcd1b746d877 00:01:50.352 --> 00:01:51.940 you to our speaker. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 3eb1e0f8-98cd-45c7-9fd9-73802ccebd0a 00:01:51.940 --> 00:01:54.280 Today we have with us is NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 038ffb4a-ca2c-43f6-8793-4820679da2bb 00:01:54.280 --> 00:01:55.450 Doctor Michael Poland. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 7ed4fa09-dc8e-44dc-874f-b8eaa3b25c79 00:01:55.450 --> 00:01:57.586 Mike is a research geophysicist with NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 919370f1-1dc9-4330-91d7-f51a72b5b944 00:01:57.586 --> 00:02:00.669 the USGS and the current scientist in NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 97265b17-2644-479c-8e53-c1ed7487fa88 00:02:00.669 --> 00:02:03.314 charge of Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 4f47647c-c2f8-48f6-a40f-c3ed0f62813b 00:02:03.320 --> 00:02:05.450 His area of expertise is volcano NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 74358f67-f578-49d8-8bb3-7c0bcccbf547 00:02:05.450 --> 00:02:08.387 geodesy which is the study of surface NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 11276466-3d4a-4423-ba2c-43ed7bb24d3c 00:02:08.387 --> 00:02:10.315 deformation and gravity fields NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 be9ed59a-cf08-4aa9-855c-c4fc8d7f9c17 00:02:10.315 --> 00:02:12.440 associated with volcanic activity. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 419b4652-61cd-4c4e-b29f-33583c4db749 00:02:12.440 --> 00:02:14.865 He obtained his Baxter's degree NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 ecace61e-4d18-47c7-86d2-f94109180103 00:02:14.865 --> 00:02:18.595 from UC Davis and his PhD from NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 a886a107-a6b8-4d2e-975a-ac0deeb10dc8 00:02:18.595 --> 00:02:21.032 Arizona State University and he NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 0bd89589-c826-410b-889b-c1b0466adc30 00:02:21.032 --> 00:02:22.587 has served at both Cascades. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 9be319ba-5084-4323-9c81-dc4bbf081d0e 00:02:22.590 --> 00:02:24.738 And Hawaiian volcano observatories. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 ec915215-3128-4eca-b406-12d49c227c33 00:02:24.738 --> 00:02:26.349 Without further ado, NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 da26aae3-81b1-41ba-a29c-ca3d10d7cb80 00:02:26.350 --> 00:02:28.206 I'm going to pass it over to Mike, NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 7b428a27-7b1d-402e-9291-0315a5366cda 00:02:28.210 --> 00:02:30.226 who will be talking about busting NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 8dd729dd-a59d-4abe-a2be-754263de7a79 00:02:30.226 --> 00:02:32.409 myths about one of the largest NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 d16039f7-f519-4ba3-be38-0ca9a7a8d922 00:02:32.409 --> 00:02:34.344 volcanic systems in the world. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 a22ebf5c-9ed6-4364-bb74-4355e18b3fb1 00:02:34.350 --> 00:02:37.605 The top ten misconceptions about NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 a465d2b0-5b50-4176-a0b0-dcac33b732cc 00:02:37.605 --> 00:02:39.196 Yellowstone volcanism Mike, NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 15f53092-d791-4bd8-984a-c155e6589833 00:02:39.196 --> 00:02:40.626 thank you for being here. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 18c2291e-7d3a-472c-83ae-e8c0908ab621 00:02:40.630 --> 00:02:43.478 I will now hand it off to you. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 3533995d-e6cc-4836-9a71-6fb26e7fb841 00:02:43.480 --> 00:02:44.796 Thanks very much Amelia. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 f4a543f1-9242-444f-97a4-961901c8bfd3 00:02:44.796 --> 00:02:46.770 It's pleasure to be here tonight NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 30275d18-851f-4bf2-97d7-24076e7f8bec 00:02:46.835 --> 00:02:48.857 and thanks everyone for joining us. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 ce1eb8a0-aea1-4feb-870a-20275b638aa8 00:02:48.860 --> 00:02:50.940 It's it's really fun to be able to do this. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 31ef4f28-1637-428b-b6da-289b0c90e072 00:02:50.940 --> 00:02:52.068 I'm sorry we can't do it in person, NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 53909c55-a9a3-4d9a-a297-43d04dfad445 00:02:52.070 --> 00:02:54.077 but I think we can still have some some NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 5d922b38-bab0-4820-a96d-2ae39d190582 00:02:54.077 --> 00:02:56.119 fun tonight with this with this topic. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 c02555a5-1c54-41b1-ade5-5aa86385132d 00:02:56.120 --> 00:02:58.808 So I started this job with the NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 27aa5fab-3615-447d-a932-74e904a47dc6 00:02:58.808 --> 00:03:00.312 Yellowstone Volcano Observatory four NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 2e0549e7-82a8-46cf-a166-0b9348813816 00:03:00.312 --> 00:03:02.298 years ago and it became apparent NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 326ed394-a9ee-40cb-946e-1a8a25b36cec 00:03:02.298 --> 00:03:04.959 really quickly that there are some big NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 d15c8b2f-222b-4083-8c0d-2267312843e4 00:03:04.959 --> 00:03:07.379 misconceptions about Yellowstone out there. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 ff589eae-8f8e-4926-b659-c0df017be527 00:03:07.380 --> 00:03:09.174 This title slide sort of shows NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 692731eb-5699-4529-86b0-3ce0ce2eb94d 00:03:09.174 --> 00:03:11.190 one of the bigger ones, you know. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 e74deee8-1a3d-481b-9235-49a71ff573b2 00:03:11.190 --> 00:03:12.950 I think what a lot of people think NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 e4be9444-cb39-4316-bf90-18beefbe636d 00:03:13.007 --> 00:03:14.159 is that Yellowstone is. NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 c3a49ba7-a3fe-4996-910d-a249ac482f92 00:03:14.160 --> 00:03:15.798 Overdue to erupt in when it blows NOTE Confidence: 0.93056918 66a58f85-9d40-4dd8-92f8-3cf346bb1ff6 00:03:15.798 --> 00:03:16.500 it's going to NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 2770779f-9e0d-4560-89a9-d6d086fb0556 00:03:16.556 --> 00:03:18.748 kill us all and that's a couple of NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 2de02d56-cf8d-4320-8e38-ebca37379d85 00:03:18.748 --> 00:03:20.046 misconceptions right there so I NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 73a93b89-916b-476c-b4b3-7d25b5fecc7f 00:03:20.046 --> 00:03:21.607 thought about a lot of the questions NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 11592438-93f6-4c32-b92c-e8c13ebdbc1e 00:03:21.607 --> 00:03:23.587 I've gotten over email and a lot of NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 b0862ea3-7881-4f00-a508-e187edd36fa3 00:03:23.587 --> 00:03:25.396 the conversations I had when I was in NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 e47bd75d-2b25-4202-81d3-374dd91a60b2 00:03:25.396 --> 00:03:27.312 the park working and wanted to bring NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 c45f5baf-b94e-4c78-9a86-6e879f2432cd 00:03:27.312 --> 00:03:29.250 some of those top ten misconceptions NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 e009cb8f-85f1-4e91-8b23-f1894ac87bf1 00:03:29.307 --> 00:03:30.975 to lighten and bust him down. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 0df8fee7-6e3d-483a-91fa-64253dd6d1ad 00:03:30.980 --> 00:03:32.740 So that's we're going to do here tonight. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 bb9c3907-99b7-42f6-b361-e5976939112b 00:03:32.740 --> 00:03:34.378 Talk about some of these misconceptions NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 9c4421bb-7c9f-412a-b8b1-9bbc32b07bdf 00:03:34.378 --> 00:03:36.140 and I think actually the answers NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 4f9a5cfb-56e4-4d08-8905-66101ada0b34 00:03:36.140 --> 00:03:37.690 are far more interesting than NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 bb6aca6f-5e94-4066-aa86-8ea4e17d396b 00:03:37.690 --> 00:03:38.620 the misconceptions itself. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 447730cb-fe05-4f80-af23-799a52c782b8 00:03:38.620 --> 00:03:40.000 Yellowstone is a magical place. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 3ed48d05-93f6-49d7-a086-d5f8605d485f 00:03:40.000 --> 00:03:41.620 It's it's not called Wonderland NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 f469d5d0-aebe-47b9-818f-f7a6ae76ce3e 00:03:41.620 --> 00:03:43.866 for nothing and and the the truth NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 14a6277b-3d4a-4725-b0f0-32b381cea3b5 00:03:43.866 --> 00:03:45.546 of the geology of the place. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 f4008a78-ff90-4a1e-8944-9b7d71eaae58 00:03:45.550 --> 00:03:47.650 Is far more interesting than any of NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 1bb35636-3aeb-4768-bc64-b4c006cef172 00:03:47.650 --> 00:03:49.630 the mythology's that are out there. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 cfbe2cd4-a47f-4c2a-be6f-b15a2ee2122f 00:03:49.630 --> 00:03:51.877 I'd like to start with a sort NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 89de883d-a9ae-46ae-bc48-2194a2ce92f7 00:03:51.877 --> 00:03:53.661 of a zero order misconception, NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 fd508c7f-538b-4ba6-a2d6-cf113e0305ee 00:03:53.661 --> 00:03:55.908 which is also sort of an acknowledgement. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 cce46b33-4c66-4ae5-928c-7b01e0e1ce76 00:03:55.910 --> 00:03:57.982 There's a lot of folks that think that NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 1154b9cf-5201-4c3b-b2ec-cf7679e63b0b 00:03:57.982 --> 00:04:00.138 the USGS is the Yellowstone Volcano NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 be197046-50cb-46d1-ad53-cf4a033c9a18 00:04:00.138 --> 00:04:01.950 Observatory Yvo, but that's not true. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 d020eec4-4828-4bdb-9e62-e8c04ad8296f 00:04:01.950 --> 00:04:04.525 In fact, Yvo is a consortium of NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 a8314d08-5e53-43ca-8f13-9aec29f57c58 00:04:04.525 --> 00:04:05.764 nine different institutions. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 9f6f72a2-2844-41a6-801b-f07816438e79 00:04:05.770 --> 00:04:07.650 It's not just the USGS, NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 64eb18ea-186b-4c36-83ed-5047de55e3af 00:04:07.650 --> 00:04:10.905 but it's also the group called Navco. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 edb1331a-4c57-418b-9845-0c633e7a954a 00:04:10.910 --> 00:04:12.702 Navco monitors ground deformation NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 0c5999b0-4ee1-4417-9206-6c142d1087e4 00:04:12.702 --> 00:04:14.494 throughout the United States. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 a16e4f17-cdb9-467f-b87c-f560f106e068 00:04:14.500 --> 00:04:15.760 It's Montana State University. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 efbfbd18-5cd2-458d-9e2d-e2bc037699b0 00:04:15.760 --> 00:04:17.650 And the University of Wyoming and NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 4af21782-665f-4c89-85be-11252541543b 00:04:17.706 --> 00:04:19.093 the University of Utah, Utah. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 343cce49-f574-4fc1-8713-f8b7d6733354 00:04:19.093 --> 00:04:21.117 Does all of these seismic monitoring in the NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 9c43911c-451a-4243-ab27-99e5441b8f64 00:04:21.117 --> 00:04:23.069 park and it's the National Park Service, NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 295630ab-8304-4244-8964-5aaa2eee692f 00:04:23.070 --> 00:04:23.606 of course. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 79af4a46-68e5-4c76-9017-3ccfbbab6cfb 00:04:23.606 --> 00:04:25.214 And then it's the state geologic NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 247389ba-4a33-4616-8f30-ca80c7b6d89a 00:04:25.214 --> 00:04:26.200 surveys of Montana, NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 7cb32d19-fad9-4c55-b634-13cfbf829ca5 00:04:26.200 --> 00:04:27.076 Idaho and Wyoming, NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 314399b1-381f-41c9-914c-e802a1307212 00:04:27.076 --> 00:04:29.517 and I've been really privileged to work with NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 b863f6f6-7522-44ac-a492-8c192a9bcacc 00:04:29.517 --> 00:04:31.587 great scientists at all these institutions. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 fb832e4d-bcb2-4eb8-8792-1784d7c78955 00:04:31.590 --> 00:04:32.840 They've taught me a tremendous NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 fe23f0f1-23cb-4306-a3a1-e8b6e19e9612 00:04:32.840 --> 00:04:34.639 amount and I'm really in their debt. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 a54f9834-767e-447b-bcf2-9de32d085cc5 00:04:34.640 --> 00:04:35.660 Or we all work together. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 15d3bca4-7b3f-4bf6-8220-2b112bf38978 00:04:35.660 --> 00:04:37.940 We collaborate to try to understand NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 a3b59960-6bae-49bc-93d2-6bbc0723adb0 00:04:37.940 --> 00:04:39.080 how Yellowstone works, NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 4044d1fe-9eac-4643-8054-bc338e511312 00:04:39.080 --> 00:04:40.355 and then communicate that information NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 e1adc7d5-801a-42c9-bac5-03356baa854d 00:04:40.355 --> 00:04:41.120 to the public, NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 5cca0ad7-338d-4bc5-981e-07a715189e65 00:04:41.120 --> 00:04:43.070 especially when it relates to hazards. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 ca0aad15-01e1-46bf-a38e-d5ed4eae233c 00:04:43.070 --> 00:04:44.981 So why video is very much a NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 611449f6-4e5b-4a61-871e-1127f67ea2dd 00:04:44.981 --> 00:04:45.800 collaboration between many, NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 0d7f418f-5b2c-4598-8287-21af0d4273d8 00:04:45.800 --> 00:04:46.916 many different institutions. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 8d884612-1d1e-4039-87af-5837f164676d 00:04:46.916 --> 00:04:49.900 And many, many really excellent scientists. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 2f6f8122-239e-4b32-8570-5448ff4b8e1d 00:04:49.900 --> 00:04:50.460 Alright, NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 ab4c3da8-03e5-474b-8afc-ab206e559729 00:04:50.460 --> 00:04:52.590 so let's dive right into misconception. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 8a4acedd-1b89-4934-9aa7-1de37686f107 00:04:52.590 --> 00:04:55.818 #1 Yellowstone is a super volcano. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 c68f9f6f-ef77-4f16-8fac-dcf6733e2b10 00:04:55.820 --> 00:04:59.033 Now this is not perhaps as much of a NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 e91f4ce9-d9c3-42a2-ad13-e3b7d36bd9aa 00:04:59.033 --> 00:05:01.390 misconception as it is a rant on my part. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 7eb609b1-e6df-4ce3-8404-0376e7a64b09 00:05:01.390 --> 00:05:02.694 I apologize for that, NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 af14ac99-d9fc-4a64-9cf9-e7681263431a 00:05:02.694 --> 00:05:04.650 but I'm giving the talk right NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 0177d398-a823-4bd0-bea2-65c40c345014 00:05:04.723 --> 00:05:06.389 so I get to set the rules. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 e3748009-c6a4-4d51-b627-157dea0e2b6e 00:05:06.390 --> 00:05:07.430 I don't like this word. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 38fed07a-ab7e-4fcf-a933-ca0bc556c5d1 00:05:07.430 --> 00:05:08.216 This supervolcano word. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 8aee1b8a-6eb5-4242-950b-90272605a2a8 00:05:08.216 --> 00:05:09.788 I'm not a fan at all, NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 2723d323-bdb3-4946-91e4-b41b91e6bfdf 00:05:09.790 --> 00:05:11.918 I I it's the S word to me and I I NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 52834c88-ff3b-4efc-9c5a-6b6109137367 00:05:11.918 --> 00:05:13.662 try my best not to ever use it. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 ac0c8f85-5a38-49f7-ba3e-de3fc0a6125c 00:05:13.670 --> 00:05:15.526 I think it's got a lot of problems NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 6aabeab2-bbc7-41a3-bbfa-7a7b75c91dff 00:05:15.526 --> 00:05:17.388 which I'll get into shortly and I NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 9c099dff-758e-4409-b58f-16ca2891a98b 00:05:17.388 --> 00:05:19.408 think there's other things we can say NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 ec5e3e0e-c7f0-4fa7-84ac-f0ce7a554602 00:05:19.408 --> 00:05:21.268 that are more instructive about what NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 2e7c35cc-e76f-4889-b886-0d6d46c5aa8c 00:05:21.268 --> 00:05:23.150 Yellowstone and volcanoes like it are. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 a23fb489-521a-47f5-85e4-8db22a1464a5 00:05:23.150 --> 00:05:25.040 But before I dive into why NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 8f2be8bd-1209-41fd-86ac-c46d7eb819e0 00:05:25.109 --> 00:05:26.585 I just like it so much. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 df24dcff-b6c6-4795-b83b-b7d3493edd3d 00:05:26.590 --> 00:05:28.704 Suck a little bit about the history. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 8a3a5d8f-b0e2-48f9-9444-af3d5ce7fe54 00:05:28.710 --> 00:05:29.598 Of the term, NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 614b2ba8-0798-4ef4-8acf-4e248e9b60ab 00:05:29.598 --> 00:05:31.078 it actually was not introduced NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 fe9d6860-dcd6-4a29-b8c3-ab82ba713bd7 00:05:31.078 --> 00:05:32.837 initially to talk about big NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 89160a75-43b8-47d8-b71e-39693ba6e704 00:05:32.837 --> 00:05:33.947 volcanoes like Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 06c8c5b5-e061-400c-9c42-f460db4ba4d9 00:05:33.950 --> 00:05:35.900 The first use was right here. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 0b899124-55c0-4ecc-b00d-89701b34ca40 00:05:35.900 --> 00:05:38.582 This is the three sisters area NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 376fceca-7af8-41b7-b929-7cc40c8d8b5d 00:05:38.582 --> 00:05:39.923 of Central Oregon. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 573ceee1-dc5e-4e1a-9843-e0ee8425dd02 00:05:39.930 --> 00:05:41.652 In the 1920s there was a geologist NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 b539bc7b-b13e-4d63-b901-40173f3a142b 00:05:41.652 --> 00:05:43.166 that mapped the area and he NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 dfdaeebf-271e-491f-8d34-702c42b41244 00:05:43.166 --> 00:05:44.366 thought all of these areas. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 97473739-9146-4ae0-bc0f-6afeb9a99d77 00:05:44.370 --> 00:05:46.242 All of these volcanoes might be NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 0994debe-808d-45a4-b8d6-02b6cdde9af5 00:05:46.242 --> 00:05:47.950 a single large volcanic system. NOTE Confidence: 0.907458160476191 e367f0b5-b2a2-4ae9-bf78-56d88a0b0f47 00:05:47.950 --> 00:05:50.570 And then in the 1940s NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 5c7f07cc-d079-4a63-85e4-19bc75510f1d 00:05:50.570 --> 00:05:51.342 another professor, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 0ffe2acd-32c2-4405-93d5-8e7af2112ce6 00:05:51.342 --> 00:05:52.886 how Williams came through. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 301e13dc-4301-42d0-ac5b-eabf9a6a6169 00:05:52.890 --> 00:05:55.991 He was the one that first worked NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 4f9d3226-0ac6-4bac-a7b9-a1a3a90b1402 00:05:55.991 --> 00:05:58.798 out the geology of Crater Lake. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 99b955ac-fa71-4842-95c5-5fe1c526e2b1 00:05:58.800 --> 00:06:00.540 And he said, no, this is. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 87a87dd6-4799-44bf-b33e-d8d912e3dbcd 00:06:00.540 --> 00:06:01.645 These are all separate volcanic NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 8fc9e1d6-08fe-41b1-8ea2-dc6aa7e822e3 00:06:01.645 --> 00:06:03.170 systems in a book that he wrote, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 dd122939-4977-4e0c-b35b-e233e507785c 00:06:03.170 --> 00:06:04.628 and in the review of that NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 84b22acb-080a-4306-848b-4d0bfcd2ef43 00:06:04.628 --> 00:06:05.600 book the reviewer said, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 ad9ca768-33a5-4ee5-81c7-6318d8aca6a6 00:06:05.600 --> 00:06:07.220 this area is definitely not NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 542db5f2-4dba-446c-bdbe-fcd6eaafbd4b 00:06:07.220 --> 00:06:08.840 some sort of super volcano. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 807f400b-8781-461c-9845-713890757203 00:06:08.840 --> 00:06:10.528 So that was the first time to our NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 30685883-b877-4f09-a624-3103807aeaf3 00:06:10.528 --> 00:06:12.148 knowledge that this term was really used. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 11e9888d-7a04-4543-ad23-686be6b4bea2 00:06:12.150 --> 00:06:14.478 But then it sort of fell into to NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 b36cf56a-77f5-47e1-882b-ac4e9aa0e54a 00:06:14.478 --> 00:06:17.440 this use the term that was used a bit NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 053934e5-ef77-49b3-a9ad-4e2431ce47c6 00:06:17.440 --> 00:06:19.600 more frequently was super eruption. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 dcca40da-7ef8-45a6-9480-5f012099f5d9 00:06:19.600 --> 00:06:21.658 And that's an eruption that is NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 e9be36c1-7e92-4541-95ad-8960eb70e207 00:06:21.658 --> 00:06:24.020 meant to suggest a certain size. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 2216183d-9a96-4fe8-8cba-7fa275b68302 00:06:24.020 --> 00:06:26.948 Generally over 1000 cubic kilometres of NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 a7743bb8-9a08-42a3-b87d-6aa702a8552b 00:06:26.948 --> 00:06:29.318 material is ejected in a super eruption. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 9abd5105-5cee-4bce-8657-31fcbeab0ea7 00:06:29.320 --> 00:06:30.428 Really epically large eruptions, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 abe081ec-e9bb-481a-a08f-31fda4844b08 00:06:30.428 --> 00:06:33.197 and to give an idea of just how big that is, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 cdd09314-bc82-4163-aa6a-ed619e0657db 00:06:33.200 --> 00:06:35.258 let's look at some past eruptions NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 3b6c86e0-8353-4b01-ab8c-b24329ae47bb 00:06:35.258 --> 00:06:37.464 of different sizes and see how they NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 e215bdde-5232-434c-97ca-6615a41699f8 00:06:37.464 --> 00:06:39.416 scale so this Lassen peak 1915. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 de7e956e-deba-4dd7-abc8-41b2ddabfe8e 00:06:39.416 --> 00:06:42.047 That was a very small eruption last NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 92cf64bc-6933-4ae1-9b6d-a3a8b067ac06 00:06:42.047 --> 00:06:44.047 in California might be represented NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 933c14d3-cc84-4e0d-9828-03ec70997888 00:06:44.047 --> 00:06:46.738 by this little blue dot right here. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 eb65a2af-e91e-4ed7-bd16-653cd2881e9d 00:06:46.740 --> 00:06:50.100 .005 cubic kilometers, so quite small. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 cdea8e5f-b532-48a9-b07d-684ade4c79cc 00:06:50.100 --> 00:06:52.020 Order of magnitude bigger than that. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 c301c6da-4728-4fe8-b85f-bab58150c3db 00:06:52.020 --> 00:06:53.019 This is grimsvotn, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 fed9c31f-7c14-4297-806e-e6f6da46e459 00:06:53.019 --> 00:06:55.017 which is a volcano in Iceland, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 69987660-ce62-4a59-bfce-2880ae20875e 00:06:55.020 --> 00:06:56.400 and that erupted in 2004. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 79628b1a-ed3b-4f74-b97a-27d7f65b1c52 00:06:56.400 --> 00:06:57.888 This is not the eruption that NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 012fbbdb-edb6-4a29-b2b4-39ff2679112b 00:06:57.888 --> 00:06:59.280 closed air traffic in Europe. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 84992661-c8d1-49f5-988d-75a95be4e0d0 00:06:59.280 --> 00:07:01.140 This was a much smaller eruption, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 f373d355-6604-466d-9a7c-1dfa1477631b 00:07:01.140 --> 00:07:02.048 but it still melted. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 efd436ef-31b0-46c3-943f-7ebb366c2198 00:07:02.048 --> 00:07:03.410 A lot of glacial ice resulted NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 6268ff99-349f-4d44-864f-4ce7a0db9224 00:07:03.465 --> 00:07:04.239 in some flooding. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 0bf9fa59-f910-4355-899a-e05ba0447c46 00:07:04.240 --> 00:07:05.720 It was it was significant. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 4e1e4849-8a68-4c38-a5f9-d1b3f8e9b5ce 00:07:05.720 --> 00:07:07.225 We go up another order of magnitude NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 c81e03c9-56c1-4771-9363-cf758cd387d5 00:07:07.225 --> 00:07:09.066 and we get to one that probably most NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 95a6953d-a6ce-4392-a126-58be99c0fc58 00:07:09.066 --> 00:07:10.590 of you know Mount Saint Helens, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 1b8466f8-0e02-4c2b-a9b7-077b09a4ac8b 00:07:10.590 --> 00:07:12.098 1980 epically big eruption. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 62255d6c-8c9b-4a6f-a5bb-0d5dd9f32def 00:07:12.098 --> 00:07:14.360 But you can probably see from NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 3b8c2c40-12a0-42e1-a3cf-08b658dc099f 00:07:14.428 --> 00:07:16.479 the size of the dot right here. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 62fe2e87-70ef-4c94-95fc-9cd2568dd875 00:07:16.480 --> 00:07:18.880 The green dot that we have a long way to go. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 b3de3483-c284-4903-817b-9aae79fdccb9 00:07:18.880 --> 00:07:20.850 As impressive as that was. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 46512e24-0ac7-4d61-9fdd-4768273e9eec 00:07:20.850 --> 00:07:22.358 That eruption just didn't NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 4b447dfd-4cd5-4927-80f4-f4c4cf74e998 00:07:22.358 --> 00:07:23.866 release that much volume. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 d013034a-53b5-4126-804a-e111528fad14 00:07:23.870 --> 00:07:25.389 If we go up another order of NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 e367cd16-6d59-4ba6-a439-36dd8973aa50 00:07:25.389 --> 00:07:26.786 magnitude now we're getting to some NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 051d709e-c969-4679-aa90-cb44258a528a 00:07:26.786 --> 00:07:29.290 really big ones Pinatubo in 1991, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 b27be8a7-6d1d-483d-8af9-012329abffc0 00:07:29.290 --> 00:07:31.090 a devastating eruption, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 30f2ecf8-47d7-41ae-9008-7b4c2d05fd69 00:07:31.090 --> 00:07:32.530 and it actually resulted in NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 53b371e4-96fd-4787-8444-7489c2d542f9 00:07:32.530 --> 00:07:33.970 a change in global climate. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 17711a62-5a97-4aa1-81a1-42d6e4d4814f 00:07:33.970 --> 00:07:36.016 It caused a small degree of NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 ef987335-3198-44af-bc70-647d680992c0 00:07:36.016 --> 00:07:37.980 cooling for a year or two. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 049def74-b5c5-4306-a2f5-0b06e3e62e65 00:07:37.980 --> 00:07:39.200 Even bigger than that, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 f3b8ebf6-75e1-446b-b65c-79082e94a6b5 00:07:39.200 --> 00:07:41.540 the largest eruption of the 20th century, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 136bad9c-005c-4e70-a115-b4cd86e7f8d8 00:07:41.540 --> 00:07:43.660 this was novarupta in Alaska, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 28af11c3-348d-4581-af61-8c26de070821 00:07:43.660 --> 00:07:45.960 Katmai National Park in 1912, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 780ecda9-d2c9-4247-928b-31a2d033c8b1 00:07:45.960 --> 00:07:47.780 thirteen cubic kilometres of material. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 ed2e6a25-dd0a-444b-9475-3015d309be47 00:07:47.780 --> 00:07:49.400 It formed what we call now NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 f875548b-5c81-435a-bd7a-ab987df6e6a6 00:07:49.400 --> 00:07:50.940 the valley of 10,000 smokes. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 2f5a5349-a5e9-40ee-819b-65aa9fa7fe17 00:07:50.940 --> 00:07:52.404 There's so much ash that was NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 d3147a7a-0170-4c8a-9877-3c56e24c419d 00:07:52.404 --> 00:07:53.380 poured into these valleys. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 1539e89d-db8b-46ea-9e87-bccaca327e95 00:07:53.380 --> 00:07:56.440 It was steaming for years afterwards. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 1f1c2547-8269-4641-8312-6ee3a0bebdce 00:07:56.440 --> 00:07:58.432 Even bigger than over up to now we're NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 03d66945-919f-4a0d-8078-62cd54490a7c 00:07:58.432 --> 00:07:59.879 getting into the real big ones. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 1563e2fa-2c3f-4e56-b0d6-59c56f8d1414 00:07:59.880 --> 00:08:01.735 And this is one of the first NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 da32ec1a-f640-4597-a92f-934b99aff682 00:08:01.735 --> 00:08:03.039 Yellowstone eruptions on our list. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 07639058-ac1c-44f3-944f-5617c81e9e36 00:08:03.040 --> 00:08:05.080 The Mesa falls eruption. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 358db198-ea8a-4924-b2cf-83f50e4d9fcf 00:08:05.080 --> 00:08:07.580 It occurred 1.3 million years ago NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 910e0128-aefd-437b-b99f-786b47e6801f 00:08:07.580 --> 00:08:09.845 and it was 280 cubic kilometres, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 793661e7-5308-4178-905c-c3994af91a91 00:08:09.845 --> 00:08:12.463 but still not a super eruption were NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 fb8dd3a4-8bad-4880-aae7-ff1ec2d264d3 00:08:12.463 --> 00:08:14.584 still quite a bit smaller than that. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 a9ecefb8-f6ba-4a7a-bbc8-10b97ebdffdf 00:08:14.590 --> 00:08:15.810 Long Valley called there now. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 df6cf48d-f90e-4a6d-a79b-6a74b7f70921 00:08:15.810 --> 00:08:19.090 This is an Eastern California. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 c0f9c522-d261-4378-bf02-71ea38955997 00:08:19.090 --> 00:08:21.700 760,000 years ago 650 cubic NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 851187bd-38d6-4b1a-8ab1-8d0d4fb838a6 00:08:21.700 --> 00:08:22.744 kilometers material. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 75ec73ae-5fcf-4b49-8977-6ddf5ccdc83d 00:08:22.750 --> 00:08:25.354 So still not really a super eruption NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 e3986a77-7f63-421f-922e-a8253c2cf625 00:08:25.354 --> 00:08:27.967 if we're defining it using this NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 9922f266-b0b0-407b-a94c-fd9002e1b0dd 00:08:27.967 --> 00:08:30.337 somewhat arbitrary 1000 cubic kilometers. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 18974d53-b70e-4a05-8b41-6a8276149656 00:08:30.340 --> 00:08:31.005 Yellowstone, NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 ab39818b-5f5f-40d4-9af7-415ec1005c49 00:08:31.005 --> 00:08:34.330 the most recent huge Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 ff652bcf-eebf-4ffa-ba7d-97bb5b503e7b 00:08:34.330 --> 00:08:36.164 eruption 631,000 years ago. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 3a11c959-3349-422f-87c3-2fc4092a10cd 00:08:36.164 --> 00:08:37.716 That's 1000 cubic kilometers. NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 fb5b5024-4924-42c5-965e-335c97113085 00:08:37.720 --> 00:08:39.958 This is the first super eruption NOTE Confidence: 0.856111013333333 49185063-4cdf-4861-842e-6cb89978efc0 00:08:39.958 --> 00:08:41.450 in our list right NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 619e5ad0-db35-46b5-896d-94ceffcc9628 00:08:41.527 --> 00:08:42.659 here. There's another Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 f60b3648-c901-4121-b250-869497598fd9 00:08:42.659 --> 00:08:43.924 eruption that was even bigger. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 fb053657-5aef-4159-a443-0eb6ee2975e0 00:08:43.930 --> 00:08:45.715 This was two point 1,000,000 years ago. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 3e693c75-0a5e-4f09-98e9-2b0ee13669cd 00:08:45.720 --> 00:08:47.280 It was two and a half times bigger NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 a184e4a1-a728-4359-b695-ee25f3adbc2d 00:08:47.280 --> 00:08:48.457 than the Yellowstone eruption NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 ee444321-f7e2-4c0c-8ea4-eac259c9427c 00:08:48.457 --> 00:08:49.937 that occurred more recently. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 6f838e99-fd4b-4fee-ae45-ad9bc4852aa8 00:08:49.940 --> 00:08:51.632 That's now at the core of NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 6581058a-ce5e-4596-a376-d64bdb6623b1 00:08:51.632 --> 00:08:52.478 Yellowstone National Park, NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 811a3074-0922-4443-a869-0680f9cbdd66 00:08:52.480 --> 00:08:55.220 and we can even go one step bigger than that. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 161c3a3e-4c26-4719-b7e1-3cfa2960cfe3 00:08:55.220 --> 00:08:58.936 This was that Oba eruption 74,000 years ago. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 1e343174-67f6-4983-aad8-0700a176f27d 00:08:58.936 --> 00:09:01.680 So relatively recently it was over five NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 a0634b3d-d0b7-4a01-85db-00ba504875c0 00:09:01.754 --> 00:09:03.879 times bigger than Yellowstone's most NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 359324a6-fa35-4468-8354-957d82f49a11 00:09:03.879 --> 00:09:06.044 recent large called Terraforming Blast. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 ed7e40bb-b1ed-4450-9b61-0cf6c4a3e954 00:09:06.050 --> 00:09:07.620 So these last three here. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 4bb923ef-714d-47c6-bba7-fe103fa35f89 00:09:07.620 --> 00:09:08.880 These are the Super eruptions. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 52381f7a-ffc5-4c2f-abb8-1cbf7bd7541e 00:09:08.880 --> 00:09:10.004 These are what's referred NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 baa8a760-86af-4357-99b6-8a72fc7c4bbf 00:09:10.004 --> 00:09:11.128 to as super options, NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 ba860142-edc5-4add-a1fb-22290584a781 00:09:11.130 --> 00:09:14.114 and so the name kind of super volcano. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 e62fee0e-9e34-4764-b7ad-472ec8742662 00:09:14.120 --> 00:09:16.208 Derived from this super eruption super NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 dee27d14-47a9-475c-b8f0-8373eb56c475 00:09:16.208 --> 00:09:18.660 eruption give you a super volcano but NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 7519fecc-e499-4e28-96e7-7a05285b3450 00:09:18.660 --> 00:09:21.057 it really took on a life of its own when NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 75a7e0d0-fde9-4301-a645-46565d09697a 00:09:21.057 --> 00:09:23.187 some movies and documentaries came out. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 3d75b94b-23f0-4088-97f1-0e42ce8557a7 00:09:23.190 --> 00:09:25.493 Of course, around 2005 is when they NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 d30af257-95bf-4c13-bd76-838dd8caa466 00:09:25.493 --> 00:09:27.169 really started hitting the screen. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 fd1c256e-0c2a-42ef-a617-57d586851f51 00:09:27.170 --> 00:09:28.244 Super volcano movies. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 3b7f6069-7330-40e0-892b-5e82615968ae 00:09:28.244 --> 00:09:29.318 I love this. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 9ca98cca-ed02-48d6-8717-813060325099 00:09:29.320 --> 00:09:31.434 A true story of a global disaster. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 4f471233-0cf4-4976-8b7f-6fc787dbe1ce 00:09:31.440 --> 00:09:34.454 It just hasn't happened yet, or supervolcano. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 2ff3ca2a-5eb9-43bf-8246-37f21670dcd5 00:09:34.454 --> 00:09:37.436 It's under Yellowstone and it's overdue. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 97ef7374-9857-4ae2-9519-cfb5af5d65bf 00:09:37.440 --> 00:09:38.375 Well, there's a misconception we're NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 e1d60013-360c-44c6-8424-28ee142552fc 00:09:38.375 --> 00:09:39.740 going to come back to right there, NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 91120cac-2333-44b8-93a7-2e65dc42d413 00:09:39.740 --> 00:09:41.036 and it's not really under Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 406b9f51-6685-43f8-8038-a162c16f719d 00:09:41.040 --> 00:09:42.714 It is Yellowstone and a whole NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 42544f21-dba6-48d9-b8d8-fc45fcdc6f4a 00:09:42.714 --> 00:09:44.369 series of these things and they. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 cfeb302c-be45-456b-a555-a58797384895 00:09:44.370 --> 00:09:46.656 They really just drive me nuts. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 5f963547-bf45-4a5e-a37f-ec4f3b377480 00:09:46.660 --> 00:09:47.302 That word, NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 993fd824-95b3-4ff4-b015-855c972bb731 00:09:47.302 --> 00:09:49.549 I think is is just so misrepresentative NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 f7b4dc3d-2256-4d0f-a342-f702dc0be033 00:09:49.549 --> 00:09:52.048 of the actual process that's going on. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 4eeb3e38-a03c-4dcd-a864-601594bb14de 00:09:52.050 --> 00:09:53.860 So I told you I I try to explain why NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 b3a85902-2122-4cb5-a4b4-64ed3aa2e3c9 00:09:53.918 --> 00:09:55.562 I didn't like this turn, but one is. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 52ea97b4-f9c4-4e50-82e9-b22541adf06f 00:09:55.562 --> 00:09:56.426 I think it's kind of trite. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 92ac5c16-2586-4bed-b224-bff63bf5c232 00:09:56.430 --> 00:09:57.264 It's silly, right? NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 0160bf85-86e4-4286-8b9c-077c3d76b529 00:09:57.264 --> 00:09:59.210 You put super in front of everything. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 3620b059-0a9b-4521-be98-958b83dbe696 00:09:59.210 --> 00:10:00.014 They really mean anything. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 10f38e69-c915-48e2-b066-a98cad6879fa 00:10:00.014 --> 00:10:01.220 It's like putting Uber in front NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 2acd5088-6106-459c-bb66-a4751cdc2e74 00:10:01.264 --> 00:10:02.484 of everything you, Uber. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 265e5207-22d5-49fa-beb7-09b755ebb7ba 00:10:02.484 --> 00:10:04.860 Uber need Uber delicious. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 bc9866ac-3f43-431c-8255-b20988c62a17 00:10:04.860 --> 00:10:05.486 In fact, NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 1df062aa-ae4a-4060-8287-8e5d874da762 00:10:05.486 --> 00:10:07.051 the Oxford Dictionary I found NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 ef6d539f-043d-4254-8b62-c927227cff76 00:10:07.051 --> 00:10:09.034 this online said that the rate of NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 77cf0c45-4a74-4dd2-9364-4bfa2d452afe 00:10:09.034 --> 00:10:11.103 using super has gone up by a huge NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 034bdbe1-f04f-4aad-9865-c58eebb80d5d 00:10:11.103 --> 00:10:12.723 amount over the last few years, NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 407c286c-1de2-4ea5-bd03-6e07f72042a6 00:10:12.730 --> 00:10:14.865 which I think just emphasizes NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 13e0a212-44e0-42a2-bc43-5a6f86907381 00:10:14.865 --> 00:10:16.573 how silly this is. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 49961706-6793-4a56-bd00-0316185e858e 00:10:16.580 --> 00:10:18.540 I think it's also misapplied. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 d53ca945-6b4f-4065-88f7-9f26b9a2516b 00:10:18.540 --> 00:10:20.856 This is a satellite image of NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 db7bf0a9-c363-473f-8f87-765190bfe7d4 00:10:20.856 --> 00:10:22.920 campy flegrei caldara in Italy. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 ee19e8b8-ebcf-41eb-815d-6c96edf41031 00:10:22.920 --> 00:10:25.240 Many people might know this is Italy's NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 972b46fc-107d-4c6a-aadf-05bf24a92c95 00:10:25.240 --> 00:10:27.640 supervolcano or Europe Super Bowl camp, NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 4d1cefd0-4651-45f3-b283-36dbb9d48cad 00:10:27.640 --> 00:10:29.896 but it's never had an eruption NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 1eddf676-55c3-47dc-bc41-5d74ddffef9b 00:10:29.896 --> 00:10:31.400 of 1000 cubic kilometers. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 1bb8f7a9-869c-4c80-a6ed-198809cc6081 00:10:31.400 --> 00:10:34.109 So how can it be a super volcano if NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 c4aedb23-2809-4ef7-8271-f93e7fa7892a 00:10:34.109 --> 00:10:36.517 it's never had a super eruption? NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 0004a53b-d0be-4c97-a711-1b2d748b3f1b 00:10:36.520 --> 00:10:36.781 Nevertheless, NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 5c3a3d17-50de-4ba9-ad6e-17a636a8ffd5 00:10:36.781 --> 00:10:38.347 that term is just thrown around NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 e5271973-45ac-4e43-8788-9545f9f2b8d7 00:10:38.347 --> 00:10:39.560 I I don't like it. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 292e86f1-aba6-4dfe-af16-b644fa2062b6 00:10:39.560 --> 00:10:42.056 I think it's it's misapplied in many cases. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 d1b860e8-5436-4c95-ab23-849600d1f512 00:10:42.060 --> 00:10:42.540 And finally, NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 ab8a6360-e5f9-44a0-819d-c813cc795a4c 00:10:42.540 --> 00:10:43.740 I think it's very misleading NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 b8c301b5-3894-4e0f-9459-a90c712498d8 00:10:43.740 --> 00:10:45.240 when you say super volcano you NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 d18c56ad-635e-4326-a559-622e1c9a59f8 00:10:45.240 --> 00:10:46.692 think this thing only blows up. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 6e60a57d-ccf8-4a0c-8c41-95cc47c0f451 00:10:46.700 --> 00:10:48.540 It only has huge explosions, NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 c299637b-9d33-42b3-a8f6-95f9d7ac8213 00:10:48.540 --> 00:10:49.896 and that's not true at all. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 a79b4317-be11-47f9-8dfb-7a47714fa6b8 00:10:49.900 --> 00:10:51.220 All of these large systems. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 f056fadd-8dc3-4ab8-b7e4-e2646a9920e4 00:10:51.220 --> 00:10:52.977 It's much more common to have smaller NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 90f87ed8-8309-4dcd-a69d-94bb9dbcd83c 00:10:52.977 --> 00:10:54.960 eruptions, and in fact, in Yellowstone, NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 cf79ed3e-fae9-41dc-b50a-7ee68a7c20da 00:10:54.960 --> 00:10:57.900 since the last big huge explosion, NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 08105910-f7c2-40bb-bd09-0d962a841a19 00:10:57.900 --> 00:11:00.238 there have been about two dozen lava NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 30cb7440-8493-4fd8-8ead-97188f83cf86 00:11:00.238 --> 00:11:02.879 flows shown here in all these pink colors. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 696a25f0-b314-4863-a0ef-429ec6dbde68 00:11:02.880 --> 00:11:04.518 The caldera is this green outline, NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 6841782c-5011-4933-b74d-737aed2c7810 00:11:04.520 --> 00:11:05.955 but all of these pink colors are NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 36482e1a-58b1-440b-9182-98a16bd8dfae 00:11:05.955 --> 00:11:07.220 lava flows that have happened. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 2deb9af7-33a2-4c7c-8e9b-2f7891296412 00:11:07.220 --> 00:11:09.754 Just over the last few 100,000 years, NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 2f1db820-1d51-48fa-bbd4-219487f3690a 00:11:09.760 --> 00:11:11.258 so I think it's right it's misapplied. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 ac189e63-d170-440c-8700-ce5cc96f385c 00:11:11.260 --> 00:11:11.662 It's misleading. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 2325bf04-228a-47d2-8c2d-7d6befbf39dc 00:11:11.662 --> 00:11:12.466 I don't like it. NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 58f2fa90-243b-4bc0-b646-eda44af8908b 00:11:12.470 --> 00:11:14.618 I think instead we ought to NOTE Confidence: 0.956194525454545 ef46cc0e-d97e-47e1-9121-49cdb0d6bb5b 00:11:14.618 --> 00:11:15.692 say Caldara system. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 dd6c0e81-f3d1-439b-81f1-983fc48040b7 00:11:15.700 --> 00:11:18.256 This is Long Valley caldera here, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 3c0829e8-7b38-4a50-b7e4-e60e691e8a04 00:11:18.260 --> 00:11:19.725 and it sort of exemplifies NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 017e449c-f375-4420-8728-976a542ae791 00:11:19.725 --> 00:11:20.897 what we're talking about. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 aa15925b-8891-45cc-abe4-94b45b419192 00:11:20.900 --> 00:11:23.364 It belong Valley hasn't had a super eruption, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 83394cc0-4878-4a34-900c-77282e303c54 00:11:23.370 --> 00:11:24.696 but it's very similar to Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 bf767447-004a-489a-94d2-cb89dfa45581 00:11:24.696 --> 00:11:26.368 in many ways, the most commonly NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 67d17721-c046-4a84-92bc-5a1784802480 00:11:26.368 --> 00:11:28.048 has these lava flow eruptions. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 8083e5d5-dc6c-4ec0-875f-c82edeceaf7b 00:11:28.050 --> 00:11:30.143 The big eruptions are are once once NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 41416970-c653-4cb2-8670-5eb289ddb45d 00:11:30.143 --> 00:11:32.917 in a in a few 100,000 years or so. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 4f1ea787-cc0f-49a5-83d5-43269678e0b7 00:11:32.920 --> 00:11:34.660 Once in a few million years. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 001fe5bc-a2f8-4d82-9fa2-c67fb09ecfe1 00:11:34.660 --> 00:11:36.420 The same is true of places like camping, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 6313f07d-7d71-441e-90ae-44a1246394ed 00:11:36.420 --> 00:11:37.272 food, Gray, and. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 3a4842d6-1df1-4ea5-b9a2-774c7059e8a5 00:11:37.272 --> 00:11:38.976 Fires call there in New Mexico, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 cb700309-41d7-470d-9a92-86f3d8aad40f 00:11:38.980 --> 00:11:40.597 so I think this is a better, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 caf2c504-9bb2-4920-9ce7-c10adf3421eb 00:11:40.600 --> 00:11:43.114 more descriptive way of describing these NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 d54d0ce6-0724-4c80-92d4-a56806009e36 00:11:43.114 --> 00:11:45.866 sorts of systems rather than relying on NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 397ffdb2-f29d-4e8a-a42f-2ee714ef80de 00:11:45.866 --> 00:11:48.604 some silly word that is attached to a NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 997ec642-edbf-4f7b-a191-b4dcda291c18 00:11:48.604 --> 00:11:50.900 number that may not even really apply. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 4a4b7839-5e07-45f6-bcd2-58d699af6e6a 00:11:50.900 --> 00:11:52.503 So I'm going to try not to NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 6b92c040-0184-4252-8df8-0aa3db02aa07 00:11:52.503 --> 00:11:54.079 use the S word instead. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 3fafec96-21b5-4aad-9c7d-14593e32e8e9 00:11:54.080 --> 00:11:56.156 Let's call these things called Aerosystems, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 0f3a9f8f-e51d-4c4d-8169-404a2ab9a05a 00:11:56.160 --> 00:11:58.986 so opening rant and misconception one, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 a4624e31-61ad-409d-8c3a-a7730ecdf089 00:11:58.990 --> 00:12:01.538 but it leads us right into misconception. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 0334ddf7-d59c-4175-b2ca-e03f4b7bf46d 00:12:01.540 --> 00:12:04.220 #2 Yellowstone is overdue. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 e8f0db31-8b9b-4348-9b34-4112ab9f0de2 00:12:04.220 --> 00:12:06.640 No, it's not not overdue one. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 0ae2a813-63cb-431c-95c5-b5590193a9fc 00:12:06.640 --> 00:12:08.019 The math doesn't work. Not that way, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 02dcd6cd-6126-4b63-9905-84f63302311c 00:12:08.020 --> 00:12:10.700 and two that's not the way volcanoes work. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 86d02e5a-8775-4cc8-b8f8-6b1aa65418d0 00:12:10.700 --> 00:12:14.468 Uhm? And incidentally, as a bit of inside. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 c1b0980d-1ea5-42d7-8389-5837e331b0f2 00:12:14.470 --> 00:12:16.150 How many if we were in person, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 a9c117f0-2a95-4567-a9b2-4dc9343c9a5f 00:12:16.150 --> 00:12:17.694 I'd probably ask you to raise your hands. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 a29184b2-5c3d-42ae-afc9-5723ba10a4ed 00:12:17.700 --> 00:12:20.087 How many of you have heard Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 ff43cdc6-16cf-4153-bb57-1aaa5dc88d4a 00:12:20.090 --> 00:12:22.484 described as a powder keg, right? NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 a15d1244-9407-4dde-aa40-9b74e368b35e 00:12:22.484 --> 00:12:24.428 Or as a ticking time bomb? NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 ce090986-eac7-433e-87d3-619c5240fc53 00:12:24.430 --> 00:12:25.042 And incidentally, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 0868a1af-6b11-49a3-beaa-2d28aa99707d 00:12:25.042 --> 00:12:27.184 that term drives me nuts as well. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 88030e1e-6cba-4494-be67-55aa3678fc78 00:12:27.190 --> 00:12:29.164 Ticking time. Isn't that a bit redundant? NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 627ca365-c7a2-4603-9de6-1393165824f2 00:12:29.170 --> 00:12:30.900 Don't all time bombs tick? NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 2d932e75-88b3-4c0a-a39f-f7e99a37d951 00:12:30.900 --> 00:12:32.552 Why not just call it a ticking NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 cf965915-7ea6-4ac9-89c1-ae2ab938d108 00:12:32.552 --> 00:12:33.910 bomb or a time bomb? NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 f9af0669-29d8-430c-9e92-2bcb77997b5f 00:12:33.910 --> 00:12:35.236 It's it's ludicrous. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 ca3e4658-b2f5-458b-8de0-7238dd6e4fde 00:12:35.236 --> 00:12:36.120 It's ridiculous. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 314555f4-e3ca-4419-a5d3-eea03944c00d 00:12:36.120 --> 00:12:39.774 This is not the way Yellowstone works. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 39b37a98-4689-4ec9-a37d-e69d0da1ebd7 00:12:39.780 --> 00:12:40.860 Where did it come about the? NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 7d16f059-febf-4710-b94b-cdadb81b61d0 00:12:40.860 --> 00:12:43.506 Why do people think that Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 5ceccab7-1182-4600-b203-7ab8ff905b3c 00:12:43.506 --> 00:12:44.772 erupts every 600,000 years? NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 29945b47-e6bf-4a7e-843a-4dfaa14c9244 00:12:44.772 --> 00:12:46.440 This is the most common thing you'll hear it. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 f637913a-4785-4188-8a0b-2afec218d6a1 00:12:46.440 --> 00:12:48.052 Yellowstone erupts every 600,000 NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 cabb9599-6e2b-450c-b798-ec4288d6ee50 00:12:48.052 --> 00:12:50.470 years and the last time it NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 e9839458-0506-410f-9917-56d475a4beec 00:12:50.547 --> 00:12:52.320 erupted was 631,000 years ago. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 6046b515-041c-4752-bee0-1669dc14e6d5 00:12:52.320 --> 00:12:53.963 So we're 31,000 years overdue. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 ee6b7424-0128-473d-bffb-e34476aff1a0 00:12:53.963 --> 00:12:54.284 No, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 f4a946cd-3315-4953-bc0a-d0f57795da8a 00:12:54.284 --> 00:12:56.667 not that way at all on this NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 67f0ac83-419d-466b-b470-72090329ef3d 00:12:56.667 --> 00:12:58.219 geologic map right here. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 166a14e7-7bed-4b95-bb2b-41a8c8fade18 00:12:58.220 --> 00:13:00.980 I've got the three most recent big explosive NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 f76a55f3-8df8-40ae-90bc-7fddc714322f 00:13:00.980 --> 00:13:03.489 eruptions of Yellowstone outlined in pink, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 dc4314f3-52d6-4101-9324-0c203d7c96ef 00:13:03.490 --> 00:13:05.146 or rather in purple, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 cf60fd97-7a6b-4163-95ba-77119c5b75c7 00:13:05.146 --> 00:13:07.216 is the Huckleberry Ridge caldera NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 57ea9c30-2099-41a0-b8b0-83b5e7412470 00:13:07.216 --> 00:13:09.196 that formed 2.1 million years ago. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 502599f5-c995-41da-9f06-db69cfed27f1 00:13:09.196 --> 00:13:09.988 It's the biggest. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 1a30ff4a-bfd0-44b1-8c34-00ce7dd631c3 00:13:09.990 --> 00:13:12.878 Of the Yellowstone system. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 407759fe-ba0c-47de-974c-1e269be0c930 00:13:12.880 --> 00:13:14.508 1.3 million years ago. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 a1bf3cb4-3542-4be3-80c6-03db17c0a11a 00:13:14.508 --> 00:13:16.143 Henry's Fork caldera, right, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 1efa6509-344d-4d8c-afaf-1a6eaa749e89 00:13:16.143 --> 00:13:19.034 here off to the West of Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 978051b7-46b0-472b-82d6-6e9a3a4c0c19 00:13:19.034 --> 00:13:19.860 National Park. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 93e92b23-f434-4492-9ea2-3ce7c026a827 00:13:19.860 --> 00:13:22.490 And then finally, 631,000 years ago, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 d228b3d7-1ff0-4222-a37c-e30c0ebfe6fb 00:13:22.490 --> 00:13:23.490 there's where you get NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 3f28f51e-1f2d-4c8b-a748-adede9c6ffc2 00:13:23.490 --> 00:13:24.240 Yellowstone called there, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 5e49bc89-a10d-41e9-83be-7c3ca9166833 00:13:24.240 --> 00:13:26.172 which is pretty much most of NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 c20f7d90-fb06-4094-ae18-7a1b860ea2ba 00:13:26.172 --> 00:13:27.138 Yellowstone National Park. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 0c0e9fd7-4aa1-4665-a821-eb05021bd575 00:13:27.140 --> 00:13:29.036 Now if you look at the NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 ffbbb959-ecd0-40bd-abb4-4cbab8379bb7 00:13:29.036 --> 00:13:29.984 interval between those, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 4db5e472-fef2-45f6-a64b-1f06dd82c3c7 00:13:29.990 --> 00:13:32.580 it's actually 725,000 years. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 faf74adf-583c-46f4-97e7-99dcfc0f0e19 00:13:32.580 --> 00:13:35.160 But that's based on two intervals. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 4e6d6120-73d5-4298-a1c3-a52aff4d7957 00:13:35.160 --> 00:13:35.604 I mean, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 33d51c95-bf90-458a-86bb-1142cc0237a1 00:13:35.604 --> 00:13:36.936 it's sort of a meaningless average. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 c3de7f21-9a2d-4938-bee5-8c1a2b491552 00:13:36.940 --> 00:13:38.568 It's really pretty ridiculous NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 1020b45a-3c3d-42e4-b42c-0fe5e7cc0a74 00:13:38.568 --> 00:13:40.603 to base anything on this, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 7966818d-ed52-46dd-a772-99f840855104 00:13:40.610 --> 00:13:42.074 so the average recurrence NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 fdf57b58-c455-4bf8-8abc-e8fb6c02ec49 00:13:42.074 --> 00:13:43.538 it's not 600,000 years. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 a820ef6f-721a-4110-8fc6-bbe88b317629 00:13:43.538 --> 00:13:45.358 That's completely made up by NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 407c41b6-3818-468e-b387-8cc1b507c37b 00:13:45.360 --> 00:13:47.982 people trying to get mouse clicks NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 668ae2af-fa27-44bd-94c6-c151bd15bcbc 00:13:47.982 --> 00:13:49.730 on documentaries and whatever. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 d3f25437-1651-4176-8ef0-30e93e151f07 00:13:49.730 --> 00:13:51.837 The number is much larger than that. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 49fabe49-5bbc-43a3-8782-3d626ee18a2d 00:13:51.840 --> 00:13:53.268 We'd still have 100,000 years ago, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 f5d2ace3-7314-4b4b-96b7-f56c3aaaf97b 00:13:53.270 --> 00:13:54.330 but that's not really the NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 61f358cf-0094-47c1-a9c6-e2df8acc4e09 00:13:54.330 --> 00:13:55.178 way volcanoes work anyway, NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 75f216e1-e4ff-4f53-90ea-1c8da850c3c8 00:13:55.180 --> 00:13:58.024 and it's based on just a couple of numbers. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 480f5bab-b92f-4d64-8e65-870e0a943e15 00:13:58.030 --> 00:13:59.620 Now the Yellowstone system is NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 f201ffd9-cff3-4781-801c-1210744e67d3 00:13:59.620 --> 00:14:02.043 a lot more than just the last NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 21ff8cf1-f2d9-4ab5-9a6b-6861e0e8bdcb 00:14:02.043 --> 00:14:03.189 three big explosions. NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 aee7265c-a341-43e4-b52d-2174635dfa90 00:14:03.190 --> 00:14:04.590 We can trace calderas NOTE Confidence: 0.848296248333333 fa59bb5b-02b9-4000-96a3-78562e25b2c1 00:14:04.590 --> 00:14:06.690 back in time all the way NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 1a1e2cc4-395e-4c66-8686-d9f1fc58e303 00:14:06.772 --> 00:14:08.218 to Northern Nevada, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 afca363f-91a1-4e15-9217-b0e3012d731f 00:14:08.220 --> 00:14:11.044 and that's because Yellowstone is a hot spot. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 a8da0c23-10c3-40b8-b118-d68b551fda3f 00:14:11.050 --> 00:14:13.246 It's a zone of melting that's NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 189febd4-3bf2-438c-afb1-962eac2b2c1e 00:14:13.246 --> 00:14:15.130 relatively stationary within the Earth, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 bceea495-ff42-46e5-ae4a-805c905ffa33 00:14:15.130 --> 00:14:17.080 and Earth's tectonic plates are NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 b7463014-46f7-425f-8de7-1f7e74d7c804 00:14:17.080 --> 00:14:19.450 moving across the top of that, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 25954cf7-86cf-46b5-80bb-5b9d95f99423 00:14:19.450 --> 00:14:21.326 and so the hot spot is sort NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 e64f5340-adfd-41a3-9a7b-cae1cdaa292c 00:14:21.326 --> 00:14:22.839 of burning through that plate. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 49e8356b-dd28-4534-b6d6-4667e22c01e3 00:14:22.840 --> 00:14:24.280 Kind of like a blowtorch, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 62887f3f-e7b8-4065-bf18-c9f3f4ae48ec 00:14:24.280 --> 00:14:25.558 and that plate is moving along, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 4de26f59-6ff6-417e-a30d-fc4fd29757e6 00:14:25.560 --> 00:14:27.048 so we have this trail of cold air. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 54c1934e-91cc-4982-9e93-4a69fc7fe6d3 00:14:27.050 --> 00:14:28.334 As you can see. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 d28c7407-8490-4e29-ab78-dcf209961730 00:14:28.334 --> 00:14:29.618 Before the Ellison system, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 180db0b4-180c-4e76-971d-7ccc6aa97d27 00:14:29.620 --> 00:14:31.454 they called their system that was active NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 433790b1-931e-43ab-bf72-fe0ac22998a1 00:14:31.454 --> 00:14:33.480 was six to four million years ago. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 d8fe5289-8253-49b6-b6dd-ef31bfb93d63 00:14:33.480 --> 00:14:34.596 So if we were to add that in there, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 982b05bb-532e-4100-ad64-13dc45df7cbe 00:14:34.600 --> 00:14:36.778 we couldn't even longer recurrence interval. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 c3600a3c-68c4-4d8c-a69e-2f06a9b9eb23 00:14:36.780 --> 00:14:37.368 And in fact, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 de889cf9-d65e-44f8-a1a8-aee3d426330b 00:14:37.368 --> 00:14:39.260 if you look at just the Super eruptions, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 38ceadd6-cfd6-4c61-86f4-d6196c42ece8 00:14:39.260 --> 00:14:42.116 the big ones 1000 cubic kilometres, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 e4ed9f2c-6233-4dfa-be58-6948787f594f 00:14:42.120 --> 00:14:44.070 they've actually been longer between NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 95bf1af8-8a74-4999-b9f9-890049d31ff3 00:14:44.070 --> 00:14:46.380 those kinds of eruptions over time. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 d8ad3572-fbbc-46c4-bdb4-e27fca9f52f8 00:14:46.380 --> 00:14:48.426 So it's almost as if the NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 92b66d7a-4618-4e3d-9d58-c8909e81cbb1 00:14:48.426 --> 00:14:50.250 Yellowstone system is losing steam. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 c2a35235-1e42-45a8-8fee-6de159b565ba 00:14:50.250 --> 00:14:51.642 But this whole idea of intervals NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 f4d9a8fd-4ba8-4f32-a3c6-da5f5c4d56c9 00:14:51.642 --> 00:14:52.990 and being due and overdue. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 4f6907e6-6bd4-4f6e-92c4-a504b65eb4b7 00:14:52.990 --> 00:14:55.006 That's not how volcanoes work anyway. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 6bf7f20a-9d0a-455d-b154-c3d3d2b4b79e 00:14:55.010 --> 00:14:56.386 Volcanoes will erupt when NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 220fdad3-ffef-40b2-9bde-709cec6a1291 00:14:56.386 --> 00:14:58.106 there is a sufficient supply. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 5a6337ec-d0b6-405f-af48-9a718be029a1 00:14:58.110 --> 00:15:00.180 Of erectable magma in the subsurface, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 ec3a06dd-49d0-4627-86fe-781262ec561e 00:15:00.180 --> 00:15:01.620 and when there's pressure to get NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 be55af38-7a72-428e-9b49-4542d4cb3681 00:15:01.620 --> 00:15:03.220 that magma up to the surface. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 37521810-e23f-4553-a77a-6140f633a8b4 00:15:03.220 --> 00:15:04.980 And right now neither condition NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 9631cc6e-8f63-4c5f-a058-95ba5d5bd73f 00:15:04.980 --> 00:15:06.036 exists at Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 fb372112-d222-47d4-b196-594949521819 00:15:06.040 --> 00:15:07.940 This cross section right here NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 38ed6d6e-8d43-4478-9ed0-33cd882df962 00:15:07.940 --> 00:15:09.460 shows what the Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 dc047e47-ba60-4cfc-b4f5-71d9e654de1c 00:15:09.460 --> 00:15:11.288 system looks like underground. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 ef3bcf56-0927-44cb-9203-b6cde3527925 00:15:11.290 --> 00:15:12.810 Here's the depth in kilometers, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 69598730-72d2-4b8a-ad6b-3043abb2388f 00:15:12.810 --> 00:15:14.868 so this is about 30 miles deep, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 66a2297a-c15b-4f94-9fdf-511d5e716deb 00:15:14.870 --> 00:15:16.500 50 kilometers deep or so, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 58dcd3cd-88fa-4c3d-be3f-10f733367176 00:15:16.500 --> 00:15:18.824 and we know there's two magma chambers. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 132487a5-3578-417b-bcac-eaf9d0be5b8c 00:15:18.830 --> 00:15:19.742 Beneath Yellowstone, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 dace00ad-b651-4b62-bdc2-c931f63c6633 00:15:19.742 --> 00:15:21.110 there's a rhyolite, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 3e20a74d-cfb3-4e39-95fb-e0a086c61a98 00:15:21.110 --> 00:15:23.315 a very sticky high silica magma body. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 f072df14-e574-49cf-8798-ee64b5b73115 00:15:23.320 --> 00:15:25.104 This is the source of the big explosions. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 ea56039d-611f-4557-942b-ff104c56b555 00:15:25.110 --> 00:15:26.850 And then there's a larger basaltic, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 1fdf2506-d02b-4b0a-943f-e4175efc39a5 00:15:26.850 --> 00:15:28.887 a little bit thinner kind of magma, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 36b412ab-7876-4100-869c-4987149fe011 00:15:28.890 --> 00:15:31.000 but hotter beneath that we NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 3368bf2f-b361-4ff0-8de5-e8f257d69cad 00:15:31.000 --> 00:15:32.688 know from seismic imaging. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 12686cdb-0287-44de-8185-7c50ce745533 00:15:32.690 --> 00:15:34.690 It's a bit like taking an MRI of NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 31624dc7-c5d9-4a8e-ba61-36ad6dd9f9a1 00:15:34.690 --> 00:15:36.390 the earth that this rhyolite. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 d88c291c-5c51-418c-bb60-6a4842b0f740 00:15:36.390 --> 00:15:39.086 Dragon Body is only 5 to 15% molten, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 d3e5af92-6a7e-4c3d-b122-5f416aec9ab1 00:15:39.086 --> 00:15:41.474 and the basaltic magma body beneath NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 0c2c1c48-a2d3-42f6-9b95-be0a530320a5 00:15:41.474 --> 00:15:43.620 that there's only two to 5% molten, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 29d16a97-a31f-4736-962b-7d827028c150 00:15:43.620 --> 00:15:46.070 so we don't even have that much NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 6714829a-0d49-42c8-9206-8ef5591f1d4f 00:15:46.070 --> 00:15:47.813 irrepetible magma as an overall NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 1dc7cb50-722a-406a-90cf-e3e54564b56b 00:15:47.813 --> 00:15:49.775 percentage of the total area here, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 ab216ee7-c7bb-43ce-a738-24d1630cb725 00:15:49.780 --> 00:15:52.034 so the conditions required for these big NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 024430bf-3a29-412f-be77-ea812cdafbd8 00:15:52.034 --> 00:15:53.898 eruptions just don't exist right now, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 6e24dc6e-aae5-4daf-83e7-f1d4f527b512 00:15:53.900 --> 00:15:55.061 so not overdue. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 4924164a-463d-4318-a605-5d4744131b7c 00:15:55.061 --> 00:15:56.996 And and because the numbers NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 b0565922-778c-47ed-9eaf-895449fdd357 00:15:56.996 --> 00:15:58.420 don't work out and, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 07e47e29-208f-4082-9c89-7a89fa6cefbf 00:15:58.420 --> 00:16:02.780 and that's not the way volcanoes work anyway. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 6264eef0-1bf1-46c9-b0c0-5e36e884794c 00:16:02.780 --> 00:16:03.998 Alright now to that other misconception NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 2b328686-a612-4e15-a386-28e0242d507e 00:16:03.998 --> 00:16:05.430 that a lot of people have it. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 982eff81-d250-482a-83f7-6c12cab0e917 00:16:05.430 --> 00:16:07.162 Yellowstone eruption is an NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 6542175c-b526-46e1-b39c-71f77b27c198 00:16:07.162 --> 00:16:09.327 extinction level event and Ellie NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 8efdf4e4-9f8e-4886-a711-df202b77897a 00:16:09.327 --> 00:16:12.388 I hear this quite often that when NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 17a68880-dd18-4a7d-a635-6709f2ba2221 00:16:12.388 --> 00:16:14.660 Yellowstone erupts we're all goners. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 b92b9e18-955c-4d49-9188-e2ed3495d17c 00:16:14.660 --> 00:16:17.488 Well, here's something interesting. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 b3bd005e-ae49-45d9-8c7c-a804395f12dd 00:16:17.490 --> 00:16:20.110 Large explosive eruptions are not NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 7963d6c4-e94f-4ee1-8856-5d70594d492c 00:16:20.110 --> 00:16:22.206 associated with mass extinctions. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 bc8ab67c-78fb-459b-ba0d-060d909d277a 00:16:22.210 --> 00:16:23.766 Big explosions, like Yellowstone, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 8d4df2e3-2604-430f-86da-f6ceeb62a2ac 00:16:23.766 --> 00:16:26.100 do not drive species to extinction. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 009dbdac-ac95-4671-b37a-27ce08398ac4 00:16:26.100 --> 00:16:27.333 That hasn't happened. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 ce50e05e-af9c-4a38-9219-532cf3bb06fa 00:16:27.333 --> 00:16:29.799 There are some huge volcanic eruptions, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 3ed9b333-b483-43b0-a3a0-abd4bb623ef2 00:16:29.800 --> 00:16:31.645 huge outpourings of lava flood NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 f457f80c-2c1f-4048-b835-b08967525f74 00:16:31.645 --> 00:16:34.095 basalts that may have been associated NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 facd7e00-464f-4e7c-aed5-a012feea6843 00:16:34.095 --> 00:16:35.700 with some extinctions. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 a36a86f3-d586-4e99-bf58-b132d21a9af2 00:16:35.700 --> 00:16:37.005 Those kinds of eruptions might NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 95a2048f-06dc-4164-9da6-a7fafb444342 00:16:37.005 --> 00:16:38.595 last 10s of thousands of years NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 d657cdf5-888a-46d8-a911-344338d06e9b 00:16:38.595 --> 00:16:39.993 pumped huge amounts of lava and NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 0f012915-9424-436b-a735-1566c0a97799 00:16:39.993 --> 00:16:41.690 lots of gas into the atmosphere, NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 db1d3db9-6ae2-4f15-b1b5-9ee9bbc23c80 00:16:41.690 --> 00:16:44.924 but the big explosive eruptions have not NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 09cf90d1-7293-4925-865e-c3ea1da2d07c 00:16:44.924 --> 00:16:47.679 been associated with mass extinctions. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 12434f20-1a6e-4f18-8988-a46314d1aa9c 00:16:47.680 --> 00:16:48.376 We know this. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 41ef8266-96ba-4b39-8617-3dec990049c2 00:16:48.376 --> 00:16:50.000 We know that we're going to survive NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 9a9cc0fc-d5ca-438c-a596-7061ef8dbd1b 00:16:50.054 --> 00:16:51.254 this because this experiment NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 973a051f-5f97-451d-9a84-98ffe2a5e8f9 00:16:51.254 --> 00:16:52.754 has actually been run twice. NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 5e675178-d8ff-4838-8e3f-aeb35fca79c2 00:16:52.760 --> 00:16:54.194 While humans have been on the NOTE Confidence: 0.908160833846154 a41c2a7c-4424-43b2-8207-c2151e3853ea 00:16:54.194 --> 00:16:55.150 planet the first time NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 bfd9fb71-4a8a-4768-94fb-8e12936f5299 00:16:55.205 --> 00:16:56.615 was that one I talked about NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 998907ef-021c-463c-a32d-a43a4cdefa1f 00:16:56.615 --> 00:16:58.029 earlier 74,000 years ago, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 26590af3-9611-4fe4-96f7-6f44f77d2438 00:16:58.029 --> 00:17:00.387 Tobha Indonesia that left this scar NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 7f6989f0-1004-4e02-9688-6445de5ef2da 00:17:00.387 --> 00:17:03.306 on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 db1a393f-4b0e-462b-bc82-1f759f51c677 00:17:03.310 --> 00:17:04.966 This was one of the largest NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 dedae65f-dc12-4778-90e7-cafbdf6e1354 00:17:04.966 --> 00:17:06.430 volcanic eruptions we know about. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 17a28d6b-7d02-49c5-b317-3a8438927dfc 00:17:06.430 --> 00:17:09.049 As some of you may be familiar with something NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 93be22fb-1043-4ea5-907d-f23fdde85b89 00:17:09.049 --> 00:17:10.969 called the Toba catastrophe theory. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 a5ff04b2-2884-48f9-a934-42dd322cb994 00:17:10.970 --> 00:17:13.088 And that's the idea that this NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 09859092-f727-4d11-b78a-1435700fb761 00:17:13.088 --> 00:17:14.760 big Tova eruption occurred at NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 991a6a2e-1cab-4c3a-9958-cf253c92d520 00:17:14.760 --> 00:17:16.895 the same time as a bottleneck in NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 b84e10cf-9678-464f-bc14-6f4ed66b2f64 00:17:16.895 --> 00:17:18.987 the population of Homo sapiens. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 516dcb87-f5ea-4bd1-8ddd-4b2bace4826f 00:17:18.990 --> 00:17:20.770 That was in East Africa. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 0a468271-e365-4dd1-9337-8b97733a95fc 00:17:20.770 --> 00:17:22.186 And this brought about the idea NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 82ba6576-7714-4ce9-a4c9-2900202234d8 00:17:22.186 --> 00:17:23.743 that we almost all went extinct NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 efe9af7c-ddde-4121-be47-503c3645baeb 00:17:23.743 --> 00:17:25.158 because of that OBO eruption. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 ec86068b-b37a-4e02-bb43-eb6414401015 00:17:25.160 --> 00:17:26.935 Well, subsequent research has shown NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 3b1f40e6-aa96-4de2-baa9-f62375a5d15e 00:17:26.935 --> 00:17:29.361 that the times don't quite match up NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 fed34809-639e-461c-bc7e-5df4dba1ce59 00:17:29.361 --> 00:17:31.143 the bottlenecks in Homo sapiens were NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 5709828f-2ba6-4935-abae-8519b48089a7 00:17:31.143 --> 00:17:33.286 not at the time of this eruption. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 70c1f385-6060-470f-8f62-b635b3693187 00:17:33.290 --> 00:17:34.068 What's more, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 e2f2a39a-8b09-44b8-b575-f91ce0cf2d2e 00:17:34.068 --> 00:17:36.013 some climate records that were NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 986fee98-fed0-43ec-9d42-e03ee976e72d 00:17:36.013 --> 00:17:38.126 recovered from East Africa and NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 60d1f111-5a63-4552-b4ba-071145bc864e 00:17:38.126 --> 00:17:39.886 even archaeological evidence from NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 b0bbd78b-4b2f-434d-a7af-5433e3449ba1 00:17:39.886 --> 00:17:41.906 South Africa show that there really NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 4943f836-07ca-43ba-8968-1452e965ca5c 00:17:41.906 --> 00:17:43.610 wasn't that much of an impact. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 06dcb83c-17c8-41d5-b0d7-95fbbf68c4d2 00:17:43.610 --> 00:17:45.638 Homeless avians just went right on NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 f76cfdd6-0cd9-46e2-8360-7112670bb17f 00:17:45.638 --> 00:17:47.779 going through this to be eruption. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 5ab6165f-e910-4775-b815-00f33ed902d7 00:17:47.780 --> 00:17:49.270 Now, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 bf3c9ec6-88a8-423e-b9d3-ef716efb2694 00:17:49.270 --> 00:17:50.614 26,500 years ago there was another NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 3afeb6c0-7807-4c00-8ff2-c750e0b9270f 00:17:50.614 --> 00:17:51.953 huge eruption that was from Taupo NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 de12ac3b-bb15-470d-92d6-8ed22482fd70 00:17:51.953 --> 00:17:53.360 on the North Island of New Zealand. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 1f4332d5-7272-4f07-ac6e-2528c2b3c92c 00:17:53.360 --> 00:17:55.082 The lake right here in the middle NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 8e482540-afed-4158-9e98-5da0d192ce68 00:17:55.082 --> 00:17:58.165 of the island is the in in the NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 dd5cd47e-2e5d-4b26-8a43-f3c1c8951eb5 00:17:58.165 --> 00:18:00.510 caldera leftover from that eruption. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 d5aef9bd-30fe-4019-91bf-e38d99100ae2 00:18:00.510 --> 00:18:01.982 Again, we survived it. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 9f67acde-d090-439e-8986-0d292c4f8884 00:18:01.982 --> 00:18:04.190 Both of these eruptions were bigger NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 9f7a6831-7d5d-4947-8e38-5dba64561708 00:18:04.190 --> 00:18:05.854 than Yellowstone's most recent NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 086f3661-c804-4935-9f9d-c31f5c3d5cee 00:18:05.854 --> 00:18:06.686 huge explosion, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 05cce509-ff7c-466f-b1fb-fef80a76505f 00:18:06.690 --> 00:18:08.125 and we obviously survived both NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 18446eef-81d2-4ef9-b107-093ffbccc142 00:18:08.125 --> 00:18:08.986 of these events. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 215d301d-db80-4510-82f4-a4d320845dd0 00:18:08.990 --> 00:18:10.628 I'm not saying it would be pretty, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 e6bc549b-0fe8-4b50-8c55-81adda28fd96 00:18:10.630 --> 00:18:13.214 I'm not saying I'd want to experience it, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 2ad5a2d4-7c86-4842-b1b5-72ab4fe93dfa 00:18:13.220 --> 00:18:15.208 but it's not going to mean the NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 bf45e6eb-1ea8-4175-919d-e45479cc2f0c 00:18:15.208 --> 00:18:16.690 end of our species. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 70b5c0f2-28af-4a32-a969-650c872fad6e 00:18:16.690 --> 00:18:20.038 In fact, that Oba eruption happened. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 9c14e7d3-0352-4d8e-8be8-13af550bb308 00:18:20.040 --> 00:18:22.455 Some of you may be aware the NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 16f532b7-7cfe-4cfa-8336-e42965a5b3d3 00:18:22.455 --> 00:18:24.578 hobbits that are subspecies of NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 a638fa93-c832-4af1-aa7e-13db73838bc3 00:18:24.578 --> 00:18:27.098 human that existed in Indonesia. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 27ca2b72-077b-4f6c-8eb6-9b8613cf6c88 00:18:27.100 --> 00:18:28.810 In fact, they survived that operation. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 84363425-15d6-40d0-91e6-03fd20f31c13 00:18:28.810 --> 00:18:30.638 They were far closer. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 41d9696d-64d4-457f-9c82-14f3de3ac60b 00:18:30.638 --> 00:18:34.060 Tetova then home Sapiens in East Africa. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 c6a4f9e9-690b-4388-86d4-bf77bbeb33d3 00:18:34.060 --> 00:18:36.100 So these eruptions are devastating events. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 b1264cb1-039c-4e82-85b9-e7002a1671a0 00:18:36.100 --> 00:18:37.208 No doubt about it. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 678fa471-81da-4d74-a2f5-5b9b879eba4f 00:18:37.208 --> 00:18:38.593 They will alter global climate. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 a3501b29-e9f7-4bcd-a32f-023995bff555 00:18:38.600 --> 00:18:41.160 They will have a huge impact and perhaps NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 97d03d7c-93fd-4000-90a5-ea113136473f 00:18:41.160 --> 00:18:43.078 some aspects of our civilization. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 1f37a434-cd67-4397-b6b4-af42d1244e08 00:18:43.080 --> 00:18:43.672 Electrical grids, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 fedfe6c6-4c55-4ecd-ae35-fb31abc61193 00:18:43.672 --> 00:18:45.744 water and so forth will be susceptible NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 4a26b9c8-25fa-4e6d-b38e-56024227d8a6 00:18:45.744 --> 00:18:47.599 to being messed with by all that, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 446bc57a-7a38-468d-af5c-0ca5842c3cc1 00:18:47.600 --> 00:18:49.080 that ash that would be in the atmosphere, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 25bd3f1a-fd21-40c1-8851-9d37455c7fd9 00:18:49.080 --> 00:18:51.256 but it will not drive us to extinction. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 6ecfc28b-1b28-41a0-9fe9-0504da996d1d 00:18:51.260 --> 00:18:52.534 I wouldn't want to live through it, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 840f3922-5c66-4950-8d36-90b85d94b6f1 00:18:52.540 --> 00:18:54.016 but anyone that tells you that NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 ce5c7089-447b-4182-952d-7c0771f064ce 00:18:54.016 --> 00:18:55.326 Yellowstone or any other huge NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 7cd27ab3-0d9c-4cdf-9bef-b0cebe0008ab 00:18:55.326 --> 00:18:56.434 volcanic eruption explosive eruption NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 f09879af-edba-4481-882c-3d303b16a690 00:18:56.434 --> 00:18:58.499 is going to drive us to extinction. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 6e0166d1-d00a-46d8-9d01-fd34f1334798 00:18:58.500 --> 00:19:00.495 No, we have the evidence that that. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 13f6e699-6475-459d-ad18-508f681b108d 00:19:00.500 --> 00:19:03.089 Just isn't true. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 0164fc0b-536d-49f9-a612-1bbeb1e3d58c 00:19:03.090 --> 00:19:03.501 OK, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 9a2ae25d-675e-4ad7-a1a4-a37bc76a6e3e 00:19:03.501 --> 00:19:05.145 number 4 Indigenous people NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 7be9378b-a6fe-40e1-ad1a-df9c51bf06fb 00:19:05.145 --> 00:19:06.789 were afraid of Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 9d551a32-29df-46f2-b948-0211fb776897 00:19:06.790 --> 00:19:08.675 This one has been around NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 1bd4a3e9-e49e-400e-bb69-383c56812e44 00:19:08.675 --> 00:19:10.183 for nearly 200 years. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 6debc7db-e1d0-45d2-80e7-619b99845a69 00:19:10.190 --> 00:19:11.132 In fact, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 92cd908d-1eba-4181-9bb8-6bb53bac4683 00:19:11.132 --> 00:19:13.958 the National Park Service actually propagated NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 243dad04-6d5a-4d05-956a-baad5e632d63 00:19:13.958 --> 00:19:17.186 this and this might be because in 1872, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 71b665b9-7b85-4648-b195-329f984f932a 00:19:17.186 --> 00:19:18.074 that's when Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 976ebd4b-9239-409d-bc3c-54ddade44451 00:19:18.074 --> 00:19:19.258 became a National Park. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 a0d33e82-9533-4cc3-a20c-d0fefb13ced7 00:19:19.260 --> 00:19:22.186 There were still wars going on between NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 f5b76ee3-4e4c-45e8-b13f-0f73286b0be1 00:19:22.186 --> 00:19:24.630 indigenous tribes and EU S government. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 7c84190f-50a4-4cd3-9701-ff4e8dc8e8fb 00:19:24.630 --> 00:19:26.758 And so there's some sense that perhaps NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 973b7356-90c7-4bf7-99e7-f015b21f5df0 00:19:26.758 --> 00:19:28.239 the early superintendents of Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 22fb26c1-3779-4897-b750-bfe7e036c248 00:19:28.239 --> 00:19:30.327 were trying to make the place feel safe, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 05550aa7-6513-4c9c-aaa3-42bc9c321195 00:19:30.330 --> 00:19:31.562 saying no, don't worry, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 c7f1ac55-32a9-4a80-a4e6-7f33456b8b68 00:19:31.562 --> 00:19:32.178 indigenous people. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 0cf47093-dc95-408a-aa3b-28ab827a8bca 00:19:32.180 --> 00:19:33.572 They're afraid of Yellowstone, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 8f3c77cc-98db-40c4-be4d-3475e56a7b12 00:19:33.572 --> 00:19:35.660 so please tourists come in and NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 a075ea00-8db0-4168-972b-bc0f1ee802e1 00:19:35.718 --> 00:19:37.428 join the party at Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 01edc89c-3148-4ea0-ba27-b6655ef2b64a 00:19:37.430 --> 00:19:38.879 But of course, this is complete garbage. NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 55b7bbfa-76d5-49ff-9819-e3654e83284c 00:19:38.880 --> 00:19:40.869 And we know this from in in 1877, NOTE Confidence: 0.916468084705882 4f6a91c3-36ed-4e47-8597-29eec2c16db9 00:19:40.869 --> 00:19:43.200 the Nez Perce as they were trying to escape NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 d2d5d81c-76fd-41a1-b82e-727c61ec3d15 00:19:43.262 --> 00:19:45.087 a conflict with the government NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 18963fd7-b809-40f2-ac60-9e668726afaa 00:19:45.087 --> 00:19:46.547 went right through Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 3dcf22b7-d68d-4e66-9950-1e166adf702d 00:19:46.550 --> 00:19:47.890 They knew Yellowstone very well. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 2e4d3a31-69ef-4d34-861d-efb6392aed73 00:19:47.890 --> 00:19:49.100 They obviously been there before. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 d10c1cbf-285d-4f64-afa0-c7c60c07fb31 00:19:49.100 --> 00:19:50.350 They had No Fear whatsoever, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 7715bc4f-260b-4d43-a7e8-6807c9d7f7e6 00:19:50.350 --> 00:19:52.708 and they they traversed the area, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 140a5cfa-ab9a-4345-b32a-aae7ec71b0a3 00:19:52.710 --> 00:19:54.215 and in fact, some anthropologists NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 7b338cb4-0b06-4150-8e3c-10fc6a50e052 00:19:54.215 --> 00:19:55.720 that were working in the. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 6673968e-78dd-49a9-ba07-a35f7a6f218c 00:19:55.720 --> 00:19:58.975 Late 1800s could find no evidence whatsoever NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 82be03bb-049c-48ee-b9e4-1cdf71004e49 00:19:58.975 --> 00:20:01.348 that that indigenous tribes indigenous NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 e82d73bb-fdd0-4f5e-9698-1e21833730e4 00:20:01.348 --> 00:20:04.210 cultures were ever afraid of Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 61e4c225-e0dc-40d9-93a7-96bd872dc52b 00:20:04.210 --> 00:20:05.890 The origin of this myth might NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 f775dd21-a84e-497b-a906-c65eae43210e 00:20:05.890 --> 00:20:07.390 have been from William Clark. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 1c63e2e8-5c55-4fd8-b0b2-8cb75c8d4054 00:20:07.390 --> 00:20:08.650 This might have been the first NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 7edff736-9e3a-4f13-bcbd-82cfe24b9a9f 00:20:08.650 --> 00:20:09.890 instance that this was recorded. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 26eb8a6d-245a-49b9-86ae-bb2e19c56865 00:20:09.890 --> 00:20:12.296 Clark of Lewis and Clark fame, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 3f335815-2a9e-4be3-8643-f957cb1e4c4d 00:20:12.300 --> 00:20:15.564 when they were coming back from the Pacific, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 69af187c-2af0-4fed-81ef-bd34492b7b7c 00:20:15.570 --> 00:20:17.680 heading back to Saint Louis. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 a0eae854-9406-400a-9737-aeff592e4c3c 00:20:17.680 --> 00:20:19.300 Lewis and Clark split up. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 e49f9722-8dea-41e7-93f6-829065579504 00:20:19.300 --> 00:20:20.600 They took slightly different NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 4432bca8-8865-4217-88af-3e1aac9ebdda 00:20:20.600 --> 00:20:21.575 routes through Idaho, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 cd72b647-6338-4d84-9615-daf5f83094a9 00:20:21.580 --> 00:20:24.748 and part of Montana. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 ce6dae7c-c289-4d59-961c-bf6c8deafc53 00:20:24.750 --> 00:20:26.598 Clark's route took him through what's NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 4c42632b-2d3c-4265-a2bd-e69e5b440623 00:20:26.598 --> 00:20:28.762 now Livingston Mt and that's where he NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 c2f01a14-2c3c-4f7b-a850-d125903b8bd0 00:20:28.762 --> 00:20:30.502 met up with the Yellowstone River. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 ca6098b6-e7da-4f5e-9e00-530be400dda1 00:20:30.510 --> 00:20:31.470 And he had this quote, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 2dc6fa30-cd61-4bef-8698-545698b58d38 00:20:31.470 --> 00:20:33.766 which I think is is worth reading. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 6529ebde-8b9a-4395-aa70-543e9f178b64 00:20:33.770 --> 00:20:36.210 He wrote at the head of this river, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 7654093b-bfd6-4710-a20f-23358ef43f8b 00:20:36.210 --> 00:20:38.850 which Clark didn't actually explore. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 cc78d7cf-18dd-44f4-8687-34f442b32416 00:20:38.850 --> 00:20:39.542 The natives, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 1782c8ae-655c-4adb-b7ae-c46f4871dc51 00:20:39.542 --> 00:20:41.618 given account that there is frequently NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 d463b7ba-e534-4247-944f-7aafeafd12c2 00:20:41.618 --> 00:20:43.779 heard a loud noise like Thunder, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 2172430f-d20b-4c9e-b792-d5d63121f0cd 00:20:43.780 --> 00:20:45.630 which makes the earth tremble, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 c270a21c-5249-465a-99b0-bdcbfa3037d0 00:20:45.630 --> 00:20:47.990 they state that they seldom go there because NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 b5081567-f095-4ac6-a8cc-a2c81bf6fefa 00:20:47.990 --> 00:20:49.930 their children cannot sleep and conceive. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 df0f50cb-2902-4544-ba5e-844f189e88d5 00:20:49.930 --> 00:20:52.149 It possessed of spirits who were reversed, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 e55b4b7e-8b06-4daf-8987-5345d37183a7 00:20:52.150 --> 00:20:55.006 that men should be near them. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 2acedf2e-b36c-4e26-af72-96c971dee374 00:20:55.010 --> 00:20:57.248 Where did Clark get this information? NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 62183aae-1d63-4f70-80a2-547afe9c1e9d 00:20:57.250 --> 00:20:57.792 In fact, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 f040291d-5b33-49cc-9f18-21bfaab79b00 00:20:57.792 --> 00:21:00.061 he wrote this in his journal in 1809. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 b5288042-1866-45cf-9a3d-5c388af02697 00:21:00.061 --> 00:21:03.029 He had come through that area in 1806, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 352d402d-e9a3-401b-90bc-c4606c7e7a4c 00:21:03.030 --> 00:21:05.542 so how did he come up on this NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 cdf60f0a-00c6-4f00-a4fd-7101673d2ac5 00:21:05.542 --> 00:21:07.279 information that indigenous people NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 5d3c28af-ed8a-45db-b50a-51034bd27dfa 00:21:07.279 --> 00:21:09.864 were somehow afraid of Yellowstone? NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 13d967d8-dab8-4fbc-a6cc-047d05e4feb1 00:21:09.870 --> 00:21:13.034 A possibility is a colleague of his, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 e1076088-8da9-47af-810f-628987086016 00:21:13.040 --> 00:21:13.502 John Coulter. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 5e63de65-e368-452e-80b0-9ce280377676 00:21:13.502 --> 00:21:15.350 John Coulter was part of the core of NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 08bd1218-782d-4500-bb62-7d23aa74bc43 00:21:15.397 --> 00:21:17.427 discovery of the Lewis and Clark expedition, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 32272bcd-e8cd-4daf-ade5-c9268e51d21b 00:21:17.430 --> 00:21:20.306 but he detached himself in 1806 NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 f0b2430b-e143-4d75-a84e-aadd0dedd529 00:21:20.306 --> 00:21:22.378 and actually went back to trap in NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 c3c5f91f-5725-4965-ad62-1672c8d7d62a 00:21:22.378 --> 00:21:24.487 the region and in 1807 eighteen 08, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 9b2a43ca-1aeb-46c2-b745-464d006f397e 00:21:24.490 --> 00:21:26.702 he became probably the first Euro American NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 c1b91f97-8914-4b9f-b60f-83861157654b 00:21:26.702 --> 00:21:28.760 to explore the Yellowstone region. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 5eb618f5-4910-4a03-aa07-7cfacf547a1f 00:21:28.760 --> 00:21:31.235 This is a map of Clark from 1814 that NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 6cf1b5da-14bd-400a-8c4e-adc28fc03bc0 00:21:31.235 --> 00:21:33.768 tries to trace out coulters root down NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 c2fa7be6-6dd8-40c6-ae71-8fe7721e1e40 00:21:33.768 --> 00:21:36.190 through Jackson Lake area in the Tetons. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 8b013805-3550-4c03-b1a4-b29794cc859f 00:21:36.190 --> 00:21:36.810 Coming back, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 f7ec6612-7d56-4c24-b7c3-356ddff5d3cf 00:21:36.810 --> 00:21:38.980 and he almost certainly saw Yellowstone Lake. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 654e4d9f-5821-403a-a7d9-064bfc912058 00:21:38.980 --> 00:21:40.660 He probably saw the mud volcano. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 1634d8cc-c78e-4539-b2d1-129bffe807b7 00:21:40.660 --> 00:21:42.404 Area 2 so he would have been familiar NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 1f3bc28e-a3e5-4c72-918d-d4ba0ab9f9ca 00:21:42.404 --> 00:21:43.999 with some of the thermal activity, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 58fd27ac-c470-4020-a425-6b2a366df4c9 00:21:44.000 --> 00:21:45.421 but there's no evidence that he saw NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 b625bf29-e69f-4edf-80c0-fd7c39911475 00:21:45.421 --> 00:21:47.010 any of the famous geyser basins. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 d7bb7c1f-7174-454b-b9e4-ed750e9deb93 00:21:47.010 --> 00:21:48.384 Old, faithful, Grand, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 cc6a1924-0826-4f57-abb4-1f54c969307c 00:21:48.384 --> 00:21:50.155 Prismatic spring, and so forth. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 71f6b2d3-5593-4a16-9980-ddcc4113ce27 00:21:50.155 --> 00:21:52.525 Now after that time period the only people NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 1545a3b6-6a5b-4d88-82c0-55517b623701 00:21:52.525 --> 00:21:54.723 until the 1860s Euro Americans that were NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 ecc7520f-9b83-4d17-ac4d-def94484a2c7 00:21:54.723 --> 00:21:57.448 in the Yellowstone area were mountain men, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 ab1885bb-8170-4c2a-87cb-34c0eb4f8a73 00:21:57.450 --> 00:21:58.106 trappers hunters, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 6ff40e0d-4398-4c71-b68c-5ffcd79c2662 00:21:58.106 --> 00:22:00.730 and the most famous might be Jim Bridger, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 1d16b8b2-d789-42d4-9ed6-4070725b07ee 00:22:00.730 --> 00:22:01.340 pictured here. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 ce98451d-4eb1-4edf-bd31-87dbc5803688 00:22:01.340 --> 00:22:02.865 Abridger had seen all of NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 bc1ad114-67ad-49fa-800f-96a2d9036c6c 00:22:02.865 --> 00:22:04.370 the guys and so forth, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 25ee3d81-53c6-4f9d-8624-095bfccb025f 00:22:04.370 --> 00:22:06.484 but he was well known as a NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 c45aa5c8-e73c-4d1e-9b9a-a374e0b687f3 00:22:06.484 --> 00:22:07.900 spinner of tall tales. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 7369cf25-b38b-4e2c-b9b9-affe3aedc09c 00:22:07.900 --> 00:22:08.500 In fact, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 44b10e81-ac2b-435e-bb2b-799d96bc5072 00:22:08.500 --> 00:22:10.600 he liked to claim that in Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 f1365203-11fc-41b0-a3d8-73bf1503602c 00:22:10.600 --> 00:22:12.648 area he had seen petrified forests NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 8edfcae2-f277-46b9-a6b9-eb455d0c7733 00:22:12.648 --> 00:22:14.328 that were full of petrified NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 26fa4c5e-2728-4696-befe-b611cbc801ca 00:22:14.390 --> 00:22:16.158 birds singing petrified songs. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 31ef2879-1a39-4a8a-883f-8a7809914959 00:22:16.160 --> 00:22:17.903 He saw mountains of glass in which NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 d00b1abd-1be7-4202-81a2-88ef2f65b167 00:22:17.903 --> 00:22:19.823 he could see the reflection of elk NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 6a755701-1b49-480e-82f1-066640781928 00:22:19.823 --> 00:22:21.503 that were miles and miles away. NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 a29bdaf4-889d-4640-8568-b9fd8bd0c9bd 00:22:21.510 --> 00:22:23.832 He saw great geysers of water NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 9473aa1e-405f-43df-8ae5-4457ab978f0f 00:22:23.832 --> 00:22:25.380 shooting into the air, NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 ef7cf80f-b68f-4b87-bf96-f9ae48c5f008 00:22:25.380 --> 00:22:26.838 so you can imagine people sort NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 051696d0-659a-44bc-a28b-f266477b21bb 00:22:26.838 --> 00:22:28.280 of treated the kinds of things NOTE Confidence: 0.867062899473684 a7c94977-083c-4cd6-809a-e35c40bd72f1 00:22:28.280 --> 00:22:29.729 he said with a grain of salt, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 8b6fda90-5606-4abd-aabd-6df73327c463 00:22:29.730 --> 00:22:32.290 and it wasn't until the 1860s in 1870s. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 9fabddd7-657c-4b6d-9b6f-8ba0de63028e 00:22:32.290 --> 00:22:34.320 That really thorough exploration found NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 c5d06d17-602e-4b17-a9f0-1825a56224a2 00:22:34.320 --> 00:22:36.770 absolutely all these things that Bridget NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 d3ad38ea-998b-4bff-8bb9-7334395ffffa 00:22:36.770 --> 00:22:38.924 was talking about were really there. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 6cf44841-5f14-41e8-9566-4dd770f6bf3a 00:22:38.930 --> 00:22:41.030 But of course, native native tribes. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 c2879237-854d-48e9-9ef9-c52df3cbcd3b 00:22:41.030 --> 00:22:43.120 Indigenous people knew this archaeological NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 2f9736b2-b023-404a-8037-ac10436596c8 00:22:43.120 --> 00:22:44.792 evidence from Yellowstone shows NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 605835ad-e62e-41c1-851b-c0d45e8799ce 00:22:44.792 --> 00:22:46.567 that there had been people living NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 3268f4b7-248b-472e-93c8-44a920b7f74b 00:22:46.567 --> 00:22:49.110 in the area for over 11,000 years. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 a7347962-2792-45a3-b48f-72897730ffbb 00:22:49.110 --> 00:22:50.970 People were very, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 e3e7f075-0f93-4b53-9e5b-9d3d9938367a 00:22:50.970 --> 00:22:52.848 very well acquainted with with Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 1f4e4933-fdb0-4fa5-9d77-1c89fa8791f8 00:22:52.850 --> 00:22:54.158 People have been living there for NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 b46205f2-e9cc-4c6b-b108-af34992be086 00:22:54.158 --> 00:22:56.158 a very long time, and in fact, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 68cb1f29-42ad-45e7-9684-44eec2a680b3 00:22:56.158 --> 00:22:56.910 Obsidian Cliff. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 a2a7bb97-3eb9-4527-884f-90e3810c80ff 00:22:56.910 --> 00:22:57.855 Shown right here, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 3534c015-777a-4efc-b940-e39edc68973f 00:22:57.855 --> 00:23:00.060 this might have been Bridgers mountain of NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 be78c4bb-427e-4286-8ad2-25962fb76591 00:23:00.114 --> 00:23:01.941 Glass that he could see the reflection NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 9abb7e12-e82a-4488-bdb9-479a0ffe103e 00:23:01.941 --> 00:23:03.832 of the elk in their Obsidian Cliff. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 4441aa26-93aa-4afd-bee6-7cd003bb077d 00:23:03.832 --> 00:23:06.610 It has a very high grade of Obsidian NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 bb104796-4767-46a6-ba84-b6d86c1c1258 00:23:06.610 --> 00:23:08.938 because it doesn't have any minerals in it. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 583cb09d-b691-4449-88e7-a5ff1adaa273 00:23:08.940 --> 00:23:10.884 And it's been found as far as far NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 f5a1ee29-54fb-4cdb-8c09-a3f47c2153bb 00:23:10.884 --> 00:23:12.980 away as the the Ohio River valley. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 fac4f728-b1e9-4522-94b3-19e402e80475 00:23:12.980 --> 00:23:14.968 So clearly indigenous peoples NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 a435afeb-fac4-41b1-843e-ee7290e4ec36 00:23:14.968 --> 00:23:17.249 were in here using the resources NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 c2178af3-3b58-4017-9e05-2029e9f8a02c 00:23:17.249 --> 00:23:18.827 of Yeltsin and trading them wide. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 bf410e25-4143-4fb6-aaab-b09ded546283 00:23:18.830 --> 00:23:19.754 And in fact, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 8ebf939d-07cf-46e4-8f0a-1f29368a0d74 00:23:19.754 --> 00:23:21.590 there's some indigenous tribes NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 35d0c58b-f69e-448b-b5fb-14bdefcf2710 00:23:21.590 --> 00:23:23.420 have origin stories. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 f9337e84-7539-46ba-ab6e-eb198b0fc373 00:23:23.420 --> 00:23:23.996 For Yellowstone, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 d325f563-657c-446d-9bff-841cffe1d767 00:23:23.996 --> 00:23:25.724 the Kiawah have an origin story NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 b1069729-3736-4f4c-b552-629a25dabe27 00:23:25.724 --> 00:23:27.612 where a brave warrior jumped into NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 9eed34f9-a1e4-41d2-9249-2c68d7c1a770 00:23:27.612 --> 00:23:29.182 what's not Dragon's mouth spring NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 a1167702-c25f-4c49-9d04-924f0fc9856a 00:23:29.182 --> 00:23:30.629 in the mud Volcano area, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 e29addaf-cf63-459b-9987-9e557e0c039a 00:23:30.630 --> 00:23:31.978 and for his bravery, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 6afbd08b-6a91-44d8-9a07-95a9ca10bc19 00:23:31.978 --> 00:23:34.000 his tribe was rewarded by the NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 85835883-1cf0-4971-aa98-fdc47fbc0638 00:23:34.071 --> 00:23:36.857 transformation of the area into just a NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 ef834dcf-122c-4836-a953-f95dc584c56c 00:23:36.857 --> 00:23:39.670 wonderful bounty and that became their home. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 4aba539d-52a0-44b6-8abf-67e4905197e0 00:23:39.670 --> 00:23:41.704 And the Shoshoni people tell a NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 4f77c6ea-c266-4b39-bb94-d628da78147e 00:23:41.704 --> 00:23:44.174 story of coyote in the guise of NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 8f6327f6-aa63-4fa6-8974-fa4fae66ecbe 00:23:44.174 --> 00:23:45.904 a man approaching mother Earth NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 3601c0c8-a306-4ec2-a26d-2c1971237712 00:23:45.904 --> 00:23:47.848 in the guise of a woman, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 23af8c58-6e2a-4f73-9740-d6a03c742194 00:23:47.850 --> 00:23:48.970 and asking for some food. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 26b994db-fb68-4832-a8c2-bcbe8ed1d73a 00:23:48.970 --> 00:23:50.370 And she says, OK, I'll make you something, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 e6d75a74-9e78-4556-80bf-62590f43c833 00:23:50.370 --> 00:23:53.088 but don't tip over my basket of fish course. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 a507d68c-5e8f-4eb9-bdc3-aeb41f87034d 00:23:53.090 --> 00:23:54.290 Coyote being coyote tipped NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 837af6a5-4d53-41b6-959c-fd80ac698b26 00:23:54.290 --> 00:23:55.790 over the basket of fish, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 dedb0b31-da70-4dbf-a3cf-cffddbb13f7a 00:23:55.790 --> 00:23:57.986 the water rushed out and it NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 ddf3dd8e-7341-443c-9b6b-3f3eb7379b71 00:23:57.986 --> 00:23:59.084 formed Yellowstone Lake. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 cf75f723-80ba-4d2b-a79c-ebe233881fb9 00:23:59.090 --> 00:24:00.786 Paudi ran ahead of the water to the NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 5c00e280-15d5-418b-bfbd-f23796d9f864 00:24:00.786 --> 00:24:02.713 north to try to stop the water from NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 b8651f37-1832-4c43-8a62-367c7188b483 00:24:02.713 --> 00:24:04.169 flowing and built piles of rocks, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 5648610d-7494-457b-b941-0dc96248bffd 00:24:04.170 --> 00:24:05.600 but the water over random NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 f41c4eb3-74e9-4709-8571-6db5d7bac8cf 00:24:05.600 --> 00:24:07.427 created the lower and upper falls NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 d117c690-63b7-45f4-8d14-d0cb32526a29 00:24:07.427 --> 00:24:08.767 of the Yellowstone River. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 aa87708b-2fd3-4d2e-ae94-2a24523898df 00:24:08.770 --> 00:24:10.258 He also went to the South. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 528b3fb0-898b-4858-b889-6b8a5b4911f9 00:24:10.260 --> 00:24:11.740 Try to block the water going that way, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 f38a3563-8ff4-4d7b-829d-58dcd67ebbc9 00:24:11.740 --> 00:24:13.480 but was unsuccessful and that's where NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 62021af4-2833-4ed4-90c8-31eb4fefd363 00:24:13.480 --> 00:24:15.817 we got the Snake River and some of NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 a638aea9-5f5d-495a-8e8a-d369a081acde 00:24:15.817 --> 00:24:17.491 the waterfalls on the Snake River. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 e4197901-6ad5-4f99-9efa-034c9b8f440b 00:24:17.500 --> 00:24:19.480 So clearly indigenous people were living NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 e7a19a96-49d8-4d06-89c4-1f0066f86fbf 00:24:19.480 --> 00:24:21.997 in Yeltsin for a very long time and NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 710845d4-04e8-48a2-b188-fa3a5595aeb0 00:24:21.997 --> 00:24:24.569 many of them have their origin stories there. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 765813fe-338d-4435-b762-ad8a2bee4046 00:24:24.570 --> 00:24:26.480 Maybe that you're Americans really NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 1741f699-9133-440a-a226-405926084823 00:24:26.480 --> 00:24:28.753 assigning their own beliefs to native NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 b0c29c2d-583a-4db0-a8c2-467aeb4f63dd 00:24:28.753 --> 00:24:31.153 cultures when a lot of this came about, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 215f79f9-98c8-4606-9516-21e452954573 00:24:31.160 --> 00:24:33.320 there were a lot of descriptions NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 5d533fef-b393-4d46-9640-f62268d1a181 00:24:33.320 --> 00:24:35.530 of Yellowstone as a hellscape, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 427650e2-582d-495d-a605-0d44cdae965d 00:24:35.530 --> 00:24:36.484 and of course, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 81bf95ab-87cd-44df-b114-fdb586f8563f 00:24:36.484 --> 00:24:38.710 indigenous people would be afraid of hell. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 e154cf1e-9f73-4867-a9d0-1b8b81c08205 00:24:38.710 --> 00:24:40.663 But of course they had no concept of hell. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 61c39847-54d9-43c5-b353-3fb1fc8beff2 00:24:40.670 --> 00:24:42.295 This was something that was NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 21f7e63c-c358-4e77-bd31-431861973608 00:24:42.295 --> 00:24:44.590 introduced to them by Euro Americans, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 cad0ff76-349d-41d6-96f5-b51f71f5a23b 00:24:44.590 --> 00:24:46.865 so that really doesn't make any sense. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 65b3a057-3489-4b85-9d2c-eac9d5a87016 00:24:46.870 --> 00:24:48.277 It may also be that our value NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 42e9b32d-528d-4aab-8df2-4be024c9ca8b 00:24:48.277 --> 00:24:50.060 system at the time of the year of NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 f8a998ba-9001-4130-9847-77dea5009104 00:24:50.060 --> 00:24:51.523 American value System at the time NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 86efc559-68df-4145-ba52-2e73bb8e1cce 00:24:51.523 --> 00:24:52.968 was one of permanent settlement, NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 09ad75ce-f367-4324-86af-677bfd794ca8 00:24:52.970 --> 00:24:55.453 and so there were no permanent indigenous NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 8139a957-3a96-472c-823f-9047755a290c 00:24:55.453 --> 00:24:56.868 peoples in the Yellowstone area. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 57bbfad3-836f-4ce4-9d59-4d0c3f55eeb2 00:24:56.870 --> 00:24:58.967 But of course all of the people in the NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 6ef42b6a-e89a-4003-bf34-1a5637535d41 00:24:58.967 --> 00:25:00.707 plains were largely nomadic and they NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 c914a36d-ff9f-471f-bc18-edd5e4425957 00:25:00.707 --> 00:25:02.630 went and followed the food sources. NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 ec343b11-5006-4e2b-bf95-2364b98fa173 00:25:02.630 --> 00:25:04.004 Now the one exception to that NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 f44d232d-47ff-4e88-b4ef-ce75ff642f21 00:25:04.004 --> 00:25:05.718 in the area might have been the NOTE Confidence: 0.9367271425 0139c44b-4694-49a2-ae4a-d7e4304e2b12 00:25:05.718 --> 00:25:06.963 people that are shown here. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 cbb52108-7c26-4417-ba43-35406a0c60cd 00:25:06.970 --> 00:25:09.371 These are the two kadika or the NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 6a2edc00-9ea2-4837-b956-2aeacefff9bf 00:25:09.371 --> 00:25:11.390 Shoshoni tribe of Sheep eaters, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 a966b8dd-5eb0-4488-ba6e-7d775d2e1f7d 00:25:11.390 --> 00:25:13.304 and they were basing their diet NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 458c4e86-f35f-4571-9713-5f14d1794d41 00:25:13.304 --> 00:25:15.297 largely on bighorn sheep and they NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 87567a93-eedf-473b-bbb5-8a71f564bbab 00:25:15.297 --> 00:25:16.927 were in the Yellowstone region. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 7bec97f6-fa57-4a0d-9f6a-ad9f60f408bc 00:25:16.930 --> 00:25:17.941 Mostly year round, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 aad848a1-49ec-42f0-9359-3a88f89c8816 00:25:17.941 --> 00:25:20.300 but they still followed the sheep around, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 c4afdcc7-b295-48bd-97d0-da15e318437a 00:25:20.300 --> 00:25:22.904 so this whole myth that native cultures NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 db4afde5-b9d2-4561-ae4d-5c860bd939a0 00:25:22.904 --> 00:25:24.946 indigenous people were afraid of NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 ac651a46-6e9e-47cd-b247-1416deb9dc7a 00:25:24.946 --> 00:25:26.666 Yellowstone was absolute garbage. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 ef901f22-1d0a-4e39-91f8-df59c7218954 00:25:26.670 --> 00:25:30.289 They were been using Yellowstone and living NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 c7818ed3-af7c-468b-886a-242fd9e9ee65 00:25:30.289 --> 00:25:34.119 there for parts of the last 11,000 years. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 9deb5e2a-6b06-456f-aed6-77a35de89ea3 00:25:34.120 --> 00:25:37.070 OK number five all Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 0c3d04d6-692a-4602-8b18-a4f3129c3457 00:25:37.070 --> 00:25:38.840 geysers are acidic. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 77efbeab-f2d5-4c31-a6a7-6e4f519d319e 00:25:38.840 --> 00:25:40.040 This is something that's quite common. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 fb88eb77-5302-4db4-a459-1cd98a1373be 00:25:40.040 --> 00:25:41.475 People think that you touch the water. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 40a333b0-7bb3-4630-8c35-7874492257e1 00:25:41.480 --> 00:25:42.760 You're going to get burned NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 4ac4cb61-396b-40e7-8ea5-3ef054299ecd 00:25:42.760 --> 00:25:43.784 not because it's hot. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 b088884b-154e-433f-9404-69cc2d0f3c35 00:25:43.790 --> 00:25:45.214 Of course it is, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 060688b9-4df7-4c6f-8857-1cc7da958d59 00:25:45.214 --> 00:25:46.994 but because it's very acidic. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 29c2b82a-0aa9-43c4-8150-c1fbca378b83 00:25:47.000 --> 00:25:48.800 Well there are some acid NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 4f58c06d-f4cd-4a0b-acdf-8b2545d4dc43 00:25:48.800 --> 00:25:49.880 geysers in Yellowstone, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 9e26907f-b111-4e7d-87ff-d49316dd5fbc 00:25:49.880 --> 00:25:51.875 but the acidity is sort of equivalent NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 98083c46-31ef-4497-8fa9-af8ac17ea512 00:25:51.875 --> 00:25:54.047 to that of orange juice or coke. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 9511fc28-ac5f-4f4c-9aad-c07ff3dfa48d 00:25:54.050 --> 00:25:55.562 So it's not the kind of thing NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 4878beed-de09-4bca-acfd-4cbe202120d7 00:25:55.562 --> 00:25:56.700 that's going to burn you. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 01b8806e-af62-4011-8061-385d3edc012d 00:25:56.700 --> 00:25:57.248 In fact, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 b41a4c2e-724c-491b-9e54-b92806ba0f39 00:25:57.248 --> 00:25:58.892 there are three types of geyser NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 11037278-01a3-443c-9050-6dfa7b9e5349 00:25:58.892 --> 00:26:00.530 systems and Hot Springs thermal NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 62911d2b-910a-4b9b-a756-9763ce0927b2 00:26:00.530 --> 00:26:02.245 systems in the Yellowstone area. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 9048dae8-0519-4471-a881-45f0aa346f77 00:26:02.250 --> 00:26:03.912 The first is an acidic type NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 ab1164ef-bfa9-480c-8a82-5bdff4c9b9a1 00:26:03.912 --> 00:26:05.480 of guys we call these. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 0271fbff-a4d6-492a-ac46-d8c4b0b6131c 00:26:05.480 --> 00:26:08.030 Acid sulfate systems and you can NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 39897d4b-6b53-4255-8f22-7e4df8fed85d 00:26:08.030 --> 00:26:10.910 recognize them by the spongy ground. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 fb216a10-f252-404f-bd45-af0a7fcaca12 00:26:10.910 --> 00:26:13.066 It's kind of altered rock the the NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 f84a2353-0bfb-4f8a-80f2-71ed78789795 00:26:13.066 --> 00:26:15.167 acid gases have eaten away at the NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 48ea1856-1aae-4706-8eaa-b715cf7dff0f 00:26:15.167 --> 00:26:17.558 rock and crumbled it up so very soft NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 a255315a-0c69-4d41-b6b2-398b0cc45994 00:26:17.558 --> 00:26:20.222 squishy ground and you often see gas vents. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 7a5b5e7b-00bb-4b05-8e30-9aa6a0e77c28 00:26:20.230 --> 00:26:22.659 We call them fumaroles or mud volcanoes, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 20bf5d1d-6be9-465e-ac9a-98b993ace642 00:26:22.660 --> 00:26:25.603 mud pots, frying pans were looks NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 309b1d05-86af-4365-91a4-69447a040d74 00:26:25.603 --> 00:26:27.118 like an actual frying pan. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 652417f2-f5aa-401e-aec8-dac16d995b6b 00:26:27.120 --> 00:26:29.445 Little bits of bubbling happening NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 716a1018-2b0d-495c-b65e-dcde872b4745 00:26:29.445 --> 00:26:30.840 on the ground. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 419e643f-2d3a-444f-98d5-51f16db09706 00:26:30.840 --> 00:26:32.980 The most common geyser system, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 b27fca74-ac0d-4336-937d-e30601409e68 00:26:32.980 --> 00:26:35.136 though, is actually not acidic at all. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 9da52211-98ee-4ef9-b95d-b2a09dd3746e 00:26:35.140 --> 00:26:36.376 Its neutral chloride system, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 f9e225d8-aa5b-415f-87cb-8d6a212c044e 00:26:36.376 --> 00:26:37.921 neutral to slightly basic like NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 28a2191c-4765-4d98-b2c8-4e95cefe906e 00:26:37.921 --> 00:26:39.267 the guys are right here. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 3de6bb53-9bdb-4cb1-99a0-ec3e20eed34a 00:26:39.270 --> 00:26:41.840 Old faithful, Grand prismatic spring. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 ab354e3a-9b6b-40f6-92fd-5380320092bf 00:26:41.840 --> 00:26:44.380 All of these systems are NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 79279a08-98fd-4b84-98eb-787f471d1a4b 00:26:44.380 --> 00:26:46.412 neutral to basic systems. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 5b9f5282-3b78-4965-b1b0-d8f25b3f44bd 00:26:46.420 --> 00:26:48.298 And finally we have travertine systems. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 0fb83d19-2e89-49b4-8ad1-f1de34778f8f 00:26:48.300 --> 00:26:50.322 This is typified by what you NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 b871f863-8074-4deb-952e-fb8ba5f28de8 00:26:50.322 --> 00:26:52.262 see at mammoth Hot Springs NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 5930643c-701f-4c6a-a229-367b4d21ecb9 00:26:52.262 --> 00:26:54.326 and travertine is carbonate. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 6c407653-04cf-4ed3-84a6-6cd85797fe41 00:26:54.330 --> 00:26:56.180 Rock doesn't really have anything NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 a674c164-89f2-4c12-b333-59caef57b38c 00:26:56.180 --> 00:26:57.660 to do with volcanoes, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 645d5017-3fb7-44db-b6c5-f4d2f9fba28e 00:26:57.660 --> 00:27:00.117 and the thought here is that the NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 dfbaed80-4f53-42e0-b463-210668eef848 00:27:00.117 --> 00:27:01.527 area around Yellowstone used NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 504860f8-9482-42f3-a80e-4bdcda196cdb 00:27:01.527 --> 00:27:03.249 to be a shallow inland sea, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 09bc4071-2d84-47a5-b2ea-07e62f3d469d 00:27:03.250 --> 00:27:05.511 and so there are all these limestone NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 3ed1e65e-dc20-4703-85cf-3ad991baa198 00:27:05.511 --> 00:27:07.629 layers that were deposited in this NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 05e70c43-7a3b-406e-bcb5-fcf555229847 00:27:07.629 --> 00:27:09.789 ancient sea and then buried by NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 61a5c19c-9a5a-4128-b619-3361906bbc3a 00:27:09.789 --> 00:27:11.312 subsequent deposition of various NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 5ffe395c-4f70-45dc-8c04-6ed8f8ee7434 00:27:11.312 --> 00:27:13.508 types of rocks as hot water NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 ecf81a8a-6c8e-455e-a42c-954933df3af3 00:27:13.508 --> 00:27:14.846 circulated through that limestone. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 d954c575-67ab-41b7-b261-8bb6e7cd0f6b 00:27:14.846 --> 00:27:16.456 It dissolves some of it. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 9d53698b-16c8-4732-8612-e04fa1ee41f0 00:27:16.460 --> 00:27:17.576 And brought it to the surface. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 c3cbbe5d-c059-40e1-8100-28e64252bfc0 00:27:17.580 --> 00:27:19.690 And that's where you get NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 a952779f-9dda-4ba3-a142-b88824e94d91 00:27:19.690 --> 00:27:20.956 these travertine springs. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 0fc2ddf6-23fd-4fe7-8aff-e6f84bbc2feb 00:27:20.960 --> 00:27:22.838 So here's a map of Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 78a7165f-3d20-420e-9e48-5a513d4bf434 00:27:22.840 --> 00:27:25.140 There's the caldera that formed NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 f9a53d67-6331-405d-8a7a-d39d4989d519 00:27:25.140 --> 00:27:27.696 631,000 years ago and in green NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 476b15f2-465d-4582-97b5-98381344c7d4 00:27:27.696 --> 00:27:30.120 we've got those neutral geysers, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 0ac91107-7d18-416b-bf68-3c383660b26b 00:27:30.120 --> 00:27:31.120 the neutral chloride geysers, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 6d5b92c3-0dc8-4502-bf25-31f54d27361d 00:27:31.120 --> 00:27:31.620 like old, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 1c010476-63e6-463c-a548-1cbb1111becc 00:27:31.620 --> 00:27:33.600 Faithful and grand prismatic mostly NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 103e62a2-ef64-49c6-8651-248df34a476e 00:27:33.600 --> 00:27:36.280 clustered in this area here in orange. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 25ed2f2d-740b-462e-a488-bcbff6a65881 00:27:36.280 --> 00:27:38.952 We've got all of the acid sulfate systems NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 701d7426-b26d-459d-bb92-ded838ee102c 00:27:38.952 --> 00:27:40.760 scattered throughout the cold air region. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 e073c9bf-bfe3-4a20-bcad-4b63300981f0 00:27:40.760 --> 00:27:41.990 And then the travertine areas NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 6b3e0d16-46db-46ee-a01e-e70d6e686f4c 00:27:41.990 --> 00:27:43.838 are in pink and we see more NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 7042b755-7bf7-46a9-93b2-2f5e34b889ff 00:27:43.838 --> 00:27:45.812 travertine up in the north part of NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 ab614eaf-0be2-441a-a023-be2bfe5cc280 00:27:45.812 --> 00:27:47.020 Yellowstone and a little bit. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 2496396d-aad3-45ad-a024-96b6dcb5e63a 00:27:47.020 --> 00:27:48.900 In the South as well, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 3d65d69f-3288-4360-b6ca-6b61c508609d 00:27:48.900 --> 00:27:50.256 and the thought really, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 fedc3995-9ccc-4c5f-812b-bb18b38adcc1 00:27:50.256 --> 00:27:52.655 especially between the acid systems and the NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 1a252af1-6561-4d2b-b6db-68206d3461e6 00:27:52.655 --> 00:27:54.776 neutral systems that you've got off this, NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 79d87b67-ee8a-40f3-9ed4-8b1560a81513 00:27:54.780 --> 00:27:56.204 this cooling magma body. NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 4f5d17af-f24e-450f-a33e-5ee258c9c7e1 00:27:56.204 --> 00:27:57.984 There's gas and fluids coming NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 5bfa9a62-9f66-4acb-9b85-d81ffce4e540 00:27:57.984 --> 00:28:00.154 out that are sort of injected NOTE Confidence: 0.747527356666667 788bace0-a678-4625-9e5c-8af2abd1150c 00:28:00.154 --> 00:28:01.904 with rain water that percolates NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 7e390d68-7353-49e7-9c09-f0198fa36be8 00:28:01.967 --> 00:28:03.658 into the system, and where that NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 98db0a12-fabc-4bea-8a31-c820b96ddcaf 00:28:03.658 --> 00:28:05.074 water makes it to the service. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 2e349f31-031b-49d5-b932-1f062ded9724 00:28:05.080 --> 00:28:07.560 You've got the neutral systems, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 3fc7c38d-3d14-4a56-a92f-2c6226359de3 00:28:07.560 --> 00:28:09.252 but at some places the water NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 a82e5747-0ffa-4d5f-b516-1bdab8afb688 00:28:09.252 --> 00:28:11.040 and the gas is separate, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 193634fd-46e8-40fd-ae6c-8051b7734684 00:28:11.040 --> 00:28:12.540 and when that happens the gases, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 89b07b5d-7dd2-4d64-a04d-f1c37b410422 00:28:12.540 --> 00:28:13.849 when they make it to the service. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 9cfe4ba8-b90d-482f-a4b0-6b34d3b971c9 00:28:13.850 --> 00:28:15.146 They're quite acidic, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 b4983492-14ef-4534-9045-737936da8f6c 00:28:15.146 --> 00:28:17.306 so these gas dominated systems. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 859904f4-4c4b-4514-bd55-0b6ab89ab8cd 00:28:17.310 --> 00:28:19.758 Vapor dominating systems are quite acidic. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 445977f4-dd1f-4aec-83b8-3ecada3724e7 00:28:19.760 --> 00:28:21.512 The fluid dominated systems, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 7b7e283e-2e60-46e9-8fd0-a1f69faec80e 00:28:21.512 --> 00:28:24.120 in contrast, are tend to be neutral. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 1729e414-1977-4cc3-82e2-c4ffb457d085 00:28:24.120 --> 00:28:25.660 There are some messy places, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 2c874feb-a1f0-4bf6-b46f-79d90b265657 00:28:25.660 --> 00:28:27.347 and one of the messy it's is NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 b5d9e8f0-306b-4c5c-96dd-26866f9258c0 00:28:27.347 --> 00:28:28.833 Norris Geyser Basin which is just NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 f78e5a02-7399-4acd-ba1d-3b225e3542b0 00:28:28.833 --> 00:28:30.485 on the north side of the caldera. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 6c6a861f-dd93-4ff2-a3c7-98dc9586e143 00:28:30.490 --> 00:28:31.894 There you've got amazing NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 0532f746-0103-461b-b3f7-73f94ea80af5 00:28:31.894 --> 00:28:33.298 features like Steamboat Geyser, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 5079bda2-a17e-475e-9995-336718f0ca4a 00:28:33.300 --> 00:28:34.626 the largest geyser in the world, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 8c824ae7-043c-47b0-939c-948cb95c8aa5 00:28:34.630 --> 00:28:36.040 tallest guys in the world. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 24e355f3-1786-4d1f-8345-2e6b2873ed2b 00:28:36.040 --> 00:28:39.048 But then just a few 100 yards away. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 21e79fb7-b515-43b7-9144-37062f02566e 00:28:39.050 --> 00:28:41.514 Is he kindness geyser? NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 3637ba6b-7b22-4f05-a320-bf5ed859ce7a 00:28:41.514 --> 00:28:43.483 Steamboat is neutral neutral NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 ec4744c1-3981-4f41-9f9c-1e2212c148cf 00:28:43.483 --> 00:28:45.691 chloride neutral to basic kindness NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 b5745230-1b72-4995-8f82-a3ac4e5aeabd 00:28:45.691 --> 00:28:47.696 is the largest acidic geyser. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 48dc8f4f-1767-4046-8253-1269373f055d 00:28:47.700 --> 00:28:48.600 In the world, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 9f27f96e-e58b-46cc-8e21-f27370578903 00:28:48.600 --> 00:28:50.400 so there can be very complications. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 b43cae96-a3c7-4b4f-8319-c8f2d42cc44b 00:28:50.400 --> 00:28:51.393 Complicated plumbing systems NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 6385f69f-6d71-4e78-9021-49ca34e6ab95 00:28:51.393 --> 00:28:52.717 that these guys have. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 87b37750-429f-45c2-b1e3-78310400bdd2 00:28:52.720 --> 00:28:53.644 It allows some mixing, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 5c60d8bc-bb7f-4896-b790-373a50eacd69 00:28:53.644 --> 00:28:55.390 but for the most part we can NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 a5dbc66d-fa05-481e-ad71-ed5019d6cc9d 00:28:55.390 --> 00:28:56.610 divide the Yellowstone system NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 0f4483e0-c771-4bd6-90ae-2e55b8344bff 00:28:56.610 --> 00:28:58.135 up into the neutral geysers. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 6de55c42-de97-4892-8e9a-ceebeb9817c7 00:28:58.140 --> 00:29:00.744 The acidic mud pots and mud NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 73be7f03-bdf3-4b6a-95ce-c24006576cbd 00:29:00.744 --> 00:29:03.195 volcanoes and then the travertine NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 2a765a45-e213-48a0-b10c-6ef114c74b62 00:29:03.195 --> 00:29:06.305 terraces of places like mammoth. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 1f532b56-c4c1-422b-8d61-299ad4be27a8 00:29:06.310 --> 00:29:09.558 Number six I we're halfway through our list. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 3fc12208-7706-46f1-8215-9c94a22c3b6a 00:29:09.560 --> 00:29:11.835 Now we're getting into some of the NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 15c8cbd3-c202-4207-8775-bf01313022df 00:29:11.835 --> 00:29:13.635 misconceptions that we see repeated NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 edf093e1-b44e-4a3a-b668-c069ed11feb0 00:29:13.635 --> 00:29:15.550 so often in misinformation online. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 6c3482f0-1b21-4346-a263-b763ee54bb7a 00:29:15.550 --> 00:29:16.598 I love this one. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 c94639e3-54cc-4056-a8d5-78a26ed6856d 00:29:16.598 --> 00:29:17.646 Yellowstone is always uplifting. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 186fcaa8-8da6-45e0-8952-11631347563f 00:29:17.650 --> 00:29:19.420 This one's personal to me because NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 c250efca-6b00-49c3-92c8-3496d1e19282 00:29:19.420 --> 00:29:21.683 my area of expertise in terms of NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 f3da79ff-ef66-409f-bcb6-0f27315e9a53 00:29:21.683 --> 00:29:23.383 archaeology is looking at ground NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 210b0553-f7f0-42b9-b765-ef99047bfe8e 00:29:23.383 --> 00:29:25.344 deformation and when I see stuff like NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 8bc5f320-03e6-4389-82e6-985e8cafdfaa 00:29:25.344 --> 00:29:27.858 this it it really makes me roll my eyes. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 196f1ce9-8b6b-4941-aefe-4b19b6c38245 00:29:27.860 --> 00:29:30.412 I actually took this image as a screen NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 93fbacb1-6474-4f45-b481-550829935e57 00:29:30.412 --> 00:29:33.346 grab from a recent widespread bit of NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 ff141a73-9ea3-47be-8571-1f3d25bc485d 00:29:33.346 --> 00:29:35.571 misinformation that appeared on YouTube, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 a4c121e1-445f-4805-9cef-5245c9332ad4 00:29:35.580 --> 00:29:38.051 and the idea that this person was NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 3c7867d1-2f81-4254-9b36-e8cf3abdcb23 00:29:38.051 --> 00:29:40.218 trying to show was that June. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 4d2e1bfe-c897-402f-8d32-be32269ef651 00:29:40.220 --> 00:29:41.438 2020 January 2021, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 1162d93a-430d-4b75-88e9-6816ba0b2af3 00:29:41.438 --> 00:29:44.280 June 20th you saw the Red line. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 5fb06bbb-db71-4403-8b83-83ff091bfef3 00:29:44.280 --> 00:29:46.513 It looks like the hill behind Old NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 9a094281-a06b-4c11-b02e-c59b0495433d 00:29:46.513 --> 00:29:48.912 Faithful which is here in the foreground NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 264e9ffd-c8b0-4f5c-95eb-f438778e97de 00:29:48.912 --> 00:29:50.976 has raised up so clearly uplift, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 47082c8f-5339-4962-8fc4-e9bae9d100f8 00:29:50.980 --> 00:29:52.180 going on only OK, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 897acbe8-038b-4e74-a5d4-2262bd65dab5 00:29:52.180 --> 00:29:53.980 these images were not taken from NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 80b293e0-1ee9-4364-af56-7d7b1d99b5e1 00:29:54.049 --> 00:29:56.143 quite the same place and this NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 2850646f-290d-4670-be87-07068b0fe870 00:29:56.143 --> 00:29:57.539 one was clearly manipulated. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 986ce0d4-0da8-4c95-b656-873b8499a3cd 00:29:57.540 --> 00:29:59.196 This is the same tree the tree looks like. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 8f660d14-4471-4061-8414-0d2d6289f3dd 00:29:59.200 --> 00:30:02.210 It's been squished the whole NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 816f12dc-d293-477b-839b-6935dad09dd3 00:30:02.210 --> 00:30:03.720 steam plume coming from Old NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 01522c9a-ddde-4b14-ba90-a42ad40a90dd 00:30:03.720 --> 00:30:04.928 Faithful looks really weird. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 6fc89058-9fcf-4cc6-a36f-769fd6fcd2df 00:30:04.930 --> 00:30:06.706 And what I think is the most egregious. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 4fe8c870-e3a1-4e00-b335-de10075b1c67 00:30:06.710 --> 00:30:09.496 This is totally ridiculous in my view. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 c71ce848-dea6-4d8c-8b1d-5d5c1412cb25 00:30:09.500 --> 00:30:11.093 This is January. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 58b36e9b-fca1-48ff-958d-908c892ceaf3 00:30:11.093 --> 00:30:13.746 There's no snow by any of this. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 82681979-3bba-4a08-b448-035bec7dbb70 00:30:13.746 --> 00:30:15.330 Somehow the person who made this NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 2e0a9e1d-c7de-41ea-af79-b9738401ceb3 00:30:15.393 --> 00:30:17.109 thought that they could hoodwink all NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 5e7cc801-d787-448e-a47f-c6362cc5e99d 00:30:17.109 --> 00:30:19.310 of us by taking some random image, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 2675f8dd-d09e-402b-8a97-c7224f9ae22b 00:30:19.310 --> 00:30:20.338 not only manipulating it, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 027faea4-23e3-4add-911a-8ee4ff02cb23 00:30:20.338 --> 00:30:21.623 but it's clearly not January. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 b320d967-7299-4340-a73b-f235ca934e0b 00:30:21.630 --> 00:30:23.478 If you've been or seen any pictures NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 a28fe8a2-adda-4c39-bd25-ed83d2065211 00:30:23.478 --> 00:30:24.870 of Yellowstone in the winter, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 2bb404cb-0680-4797-a304-11a31faf9fb8 00:30:24.870 --> 00:30:27.030 it is really snowy and there isn't a NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 b88a2daf-18c0-41ec-9dfc-1f2d3c9e6e40 00:30:27.030 --> 00:30:29.329 bit of snow anywhere in the scene, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 59357f02-539b-47c6-abd5-912ea0190971 00:30:29.330 --> 00:30:30.230 not even in the background. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 de9c57f3-2e6b-406b-a4e7-7cdeff6bf5bd 00:30:30.230 --> 00:30:32.326 Which is cool rock to say nothing of NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 cf09e1e6-cad6-4647-a15d-3553cee44f5f 00:30:32.326 --> 00:30:34.537 the fact that there are monitoring NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 a84d35d4-4959-4b01-b35d-d290174dee92 00:30:34.537 --> 00:30:36.165 stations all over Yellowstone, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 597cca29-89c4-4bf2-a82b-5282dbe47041 00:30:36.170 --> 00:30:37.820 so this fits the narrative that NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 951834a6-e508-48fb-8a4f-9c46139e4d25 00:30:37.820 --> 00:30:39.682 many people try to tell that NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 33e47852-2e76-4b4c-ab7c-de77553345f4 00:30:39.682 --> 00:30:40.738 Yellowstone is always. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 f5595f38-d4c0-4c0e-a269-ffb70fdef060 00:30:40.740 --> 00:30:43.211 Uplifting and cause uplift is a sign NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 104e40b7-6de9-4e8e-aa15-506cdcda85c2 00:30:43.211 --> 00:30:45.519 that perhaps there's magma accumulating. NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 b1631748-6c03-4059-abf9-250d99c15f23 00:30:45.520 --> 00:30:45.961 Well, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 ea0e3e27-9c41-4728-8c71-419c5eca3519 00:30:45.961 --> 00:30:48.166 it turns out Yellowstone sometimes NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 65aafae7-38cb-4567-95ad-0e1d16fd6aee 00:30:48.166 --> 00:30:49.048 does uplift, NOTE Confidence: 0.904334033478261 6ab9b500-05c3-4f0b-bb85-5e49566a0f55 00:30:49.050 --> 00:30:50.760 but it also goes down. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 da365b57-ee15-49e4-9da6-6431dfa84ee2 00:30:50.760 --> 00:30:52.104 Many people have described NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 68cc0335-1df3-4ae3-813a-9e37f681d084 00:30:52.104 --> 00:30:53.448 Yellowstone is almost breathing, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 3b0d19f6-7b3b-42c3-8137-c60900b96cdb 00:30:53.450 --> 00:30:55.830 it rises and it falls. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 626617b9-750a-462d-bdc5-366caf9da4fd 00:30:55.830 --> 00:30:58.368 So let's have a look at some actual data NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 560f9126-bac6-4595-8a56-e49a5cb0b4c0 00:30:58.370 --> 00:30:59.970 showing what's been happening Yellowstone, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 bcfca82d-1c83-4d7d-a02c-9babcb85673b 00:30:59.970 --> 00:31:01.806 so here's he also National Park. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 bb037b52-f611-4489-a1c0-fe9bc4d8956f 00:31:01.810 --> 00:31:03.502 There is the cold air that NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 71f858b1-a63c-4fb0-a07d-087181e43ca1 00:31:03.502 --> 00:31:04.627 forms 631,000 years ago, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 aaa4fe39-c311-4468-8c62-fe70c993bebf 00:31:04.627 --> 00:31:07.002 and all of these red dots are earthquakes NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 0403aea7-9776-4e24-9e76-88ea222482b2 00:31:07.002 --> 00:31:09.425 that have occurred this year in 2021. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 d6e3f7a3-40b4-4fbc-a4f8-a454738235a8 00:31:09.425 --> 00:31:11.350 We've had about 2600 earthquakes so far, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 a1622f2a-370f-432f-b935-db685fef68c6 00:31:11.350 --> 00:31:13.205 which is a little bit above average. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 3de6ad70-012e-4826-a6bb-78e6183c9c31 00:31:13.210 --> 00:31:14.918 Lot of them were in this warm NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 b71de4c1-767e-4af5-be17-c25d3764a72b 00:31:14.918 --> 00:31:16.150 right below Yellowstone Lake. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 f6232519-1d2a-4fa4-a976-ca8db70d7f3b 00:31:16.150 --> 00:31:18.370 There was something like 800 or NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 11d65f6a-6bf8-470b-af7c-1da65166304a 00:31:18.370 --> 00:31:19.757 900 earthquakes that occurred NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 b0aa9dc6-485f-4d98-9782-b3ddd23146a0 00:31:19.757 --> 00:31:21.509 right in that area in July. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 ab09ec74-2ae3-457e-97cc-6445e2fb1905 00:31:21.510 --> 00:31:23.949 So now let's look at a GPS station GPS NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 66951eea-3877-436d-bfc8-d13dee867dc9 00:31:23.949 --> 00:31:26.299 just like the the GPS in your car or. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 ff0fb5f5-a1c1-47bc-9ba5-48ec820d7bd0 00:31:26.300 --> 00:31:28.732 We found, but we use stations that are NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 a95d1ffd-9301-47e5-9a94-b8aa7c28012b 00:31:28.732 --> 00:31:31.260 able to detect really small changes. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 d9e4102a-65f3-4357-a93c-b9487912654d 00:31:31.260 --> 00:31:36.328 Fractions of an inch overtime since 2003. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 62e87c78-a3b2-4652-aa6b-60ff008ccec2 00:31:36.328 --> 00:31:38.920 The GPS station on this side of the caldera. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 a484e4d6-99a2-45de-a2bb-5601213cf1f3 00:31:38.920 --> 00:31:41.692 This is vertical deformation has gone NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 2ee4843b-5d81-45bf-86f6-ce28f4c8e543 00:31:41.692 --> 00:31:45.819 up from 2004 to 2009 and then down from NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 21a321c4-7509-4bd6-929b-10193a65caef 00:31:45.820 --> 00:31:49.041 2009 to about 2014 and then up from 2014, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 b31ec794-999e-4d60-b864-ed8ec7a36ea4 00:31:49.041 --> 00:31:51.807 2015 and then twenty since 2015. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 15f12158-f7ff-46e5-91dd-0662b257c280 00:31:51.810 --> 00:31:54.070 It's been going down almost NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 af2b34af-107e-4d60-bb89-79b5e42097e5 00:31:54.070 --> 00:31:55.426 like it's breathing. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 a3160d79-7142-4659-a516-f67907a41c7c 00:31:55.430 --> 00:31:57.347 Let's look at the other side of the caldera. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 048eda93-d321-499c-a91c-5cdeaf416665 00:31:57.350 --> 00:31:59.182 This is a mess station near Old Faithful NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 056eddc7-2d25-47ba-b09e-b415dba21194 00:31:59.182 --> 00:32:02.490 we see basically the same thing up. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 22721814-a12c-4ff3-a3ca-3900d47cad53 00:32:02.490 --> 00:32:05.610 2009 to 2014 down 2014 to 2015 up NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 68996c84-d26c-4457-8da7-733944bfeddb 00:32:05.610 --> 00:32:08.440 and then 2015 to present down. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 3501a29c-5d81-4f9e-a809-bbb27fba9381 00:32:08.440 --> 00:32:11.779 So they called their rising and falling. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 a6076573-ce69-4d7e-92fd-47c983143788 00:32:11.780 --> 00:32:12.944 Mrs Norris. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 53eeade7-6a9c-411c-b5ec-f523750ebb30 00:32:12.944 --> 00:32:14.108 Geyser Basin, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 5d3bc222-89ff-448b-afc3-c28a33fa509c 00:32:14.108 --> 00:32:17.272 just outside the area just outside the cold NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 6603ad43-8414-4574-bd63-e6abe600b7e2 00:32:17.272 --> 00:32:19.378 air and all of these are to the same scale, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 89af137a-4d44-488a-b37a-b11bf370edb7 00:32:19.380 --> 00:32:20.857 so each one of these vertical scales NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 b6d9dff8-35e2-4e94-9548-65bbbeee958b 00:32:20.857 --> 00:32:22.649 here is a total of 40 centimeters, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 20f002a8-9e5b-4be4-abe2-38953882a8da 00:32:22.650 --> 00:32:25.065 so a little bit over a foot. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 a4fd1c21-8193-4886-a8e0-facd1c54f1ae 00:32:25.070 --> 00:32:27.100 There's not much going on at Norris, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 cfc06af6-ec2b-4bc2-970b-210a01ec88fe 00:32:27.100 --> 00:32:28.405 and then there's a little NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 6630422c-c4e3-47e8-9544-d471f5509b47 00:32:28.405 --> 00:32:30.058 bit of uplift in 2013, 2014, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 f8b9f214-50b6-4139-9658-b1e607600c95 00:32:30.058 --> 00:32:30.970 and then substance, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 bd2314b6-7679-4ade-9572-2db254cc0238 00:32:30.970 --> 00:32:33.448 and then uplift 2015 to 2018. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 9e79ff3a-401d-43f8-8544-df615cf516fc 00:32:33.450 --> 00:32:35.263 Then it is substance and it's looking NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 8ce3ef15-cc43-4c88-85ec-cfc8eff3f191 00:32:35.263 --> 00:32:37.620 like Norris is starting to go back up now NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 49c5d907-2e2b-4652-a222-04f528c252c2 00:32:37.620 --> 00:32:39.540 so Norris doesn't follow what they called. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 009fc191-d8de-4752-99b6-72617608499d 00:32:39.540 --> 00:32:40.246 Era does, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 253f590d-e334-45cc-b47e-a9d4ff63657f 00:32:40.246 --> 00:32:42.364 but the amount of deformation we're NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 0c018df4-269b-4c70-ad75-e7e22dceaa7b 00:32:42.364 --> 00:32:44.115 talking about these is generally on NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 ebe48dde-1b92-475f-88c2-84ce05d8e7ff 00:32:44.115 --> 00:32:46.608 the order of 1 to 2 inches per year. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 2053e4b5-d3a8-4fb7-ad06-d89a34dcd8c0 00:32:46.610 --> 00:32:48.650 Couple of centimeters per year, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 8a41f91d-3ae2-48c1-aa68-b9b5c85030a2 00:32:48.650 --> 00:32:49.794 and that's the call. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 acc26d4c-d394-4ad1-bff7-1e8a5d28587f 00:32:49.794 --> 00:32:51.224 There are rising and falling. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 45e13ad2-61fa-441a-8fec-cef82230ffd6 00:32:51.230 --> 00:32:53.118 The fact that it's going up and down NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 7cf48495-bd74-46dd-8cae-85cadb6f2510 00:32:53.118 --> 00:32:55.010 suggests that a lot of this deformation NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 e66973de-a1c6-493a-9573-17e336c801ad 00:32:55.010 --> 00:32:56.380 might be caused by hydrothermal. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 158336c9-1956-4106-aedf-8e9bce4ac282 00:32:56.380 --> 00:32:56.694 Fluids, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 d6ee60fb-bff6-474b-b518-ec778da0c5c2 00:32:56.694 --> 00:32:58.892 gases and water moving around in the NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 7fcc65cb-9146-40b3-a573-4f06718b71a5 00:32:58.892 --> 00:33:01.227 subsurface and there is an awful lot NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 9c79c380-c70b-4128-80db-a76b48cba848 00:33:01.227 --> 00:33:02.877 of hydrothermal activity at Yellowstone, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 f8bd25f3-7a0d-4ba5-8991-5b470458551c 00:33:02.880 --> 00:33:04.016 mud, volcanoes, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 e4358be3-ec66-436e-b93b-6da756ac7405 00:33:04.016 --> 00:33:05.720 geysers, Hot Springs. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 84f1f3c5-0cec-4036-83e2-d0627969359c 00:33:05.720 --> 00:33:06.893 It's absolutely everywhere. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 cc48628f-dbb8-4d30-b852-8778f627eda2 00:33:06.893 --> 00:33:09.630 We can also go further back in NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 4fa56101-9b9d-4acb-8462-11afcefcaf05 00:33:09.704 --> 00:33:12.392 time and look at what's happened in NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 c7c324ac-74b8-4f0c-8471-8840653137f2 00:33:12.392 --> 00:33:14.565 Yellowstone since the ice melted in NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 62b75489-7948-48a8-8cac-cbf5491b3307 00:33:14.565 --> 00:33:17.589 the area about 14,000 years ago. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 ab4253a0-28ae-4a89-a2d7-adb3a0a39e0f 00:33:17.590 --> 00:33:19.690 So here is a very high resolution NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 87835dc2-dec6-403e-8398-2fc07fe59c7f 00:33:19.690 --> 00:33:21.308 topographic view of the north NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 6c6559a0-5836-4199-9f35-5b409834203a 00:33:21.308 --> 00:33:22.628 side of Yellowstone Lake, NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 9f4a2297-031a-42d3-afbd-55723e15744a 00:33:22.630 --> 00:33:24.256 so there we are right here. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 71e09190-900f-4d3f-8d41-328b04ca4d5a 00:33:24.260 --> 00:33:26.100 This is the Yellowstone River NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 b1777746-4fab-46d9-bae9-eecd4170794d 00:33:26.100 --> 00:33:27.940 leaving Yellowstone Lake and on NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 b31d6d34-d277-4dd4-bd39-526a1d75a889 00:33:28.004 --> 00:33:29.817 the north side of the lake there NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 a578de60-1b19-49b3-a631-4bd71ecd52cb 00:33:29.817 --> 00:33:31.990 are all of these little terraces. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 75ea6216-9965-4304-a376-83645cddc0ba 00:33:31.990 --> 00:33:33.572 You can kind of see these these NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 44ab8926-bb15-49f1-b30f-e4cb038e01fd 00:33:33.572 --> 00:33:34.790 ripples in the landscape. NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 babb105e-d0ce-4148-b613-a65798f62b1a 00:33:34.790 --> 00:33:36.158 Some of them are marked by NOTE Confidence: 0.89107812875 25adac9d-9728-4b2b-b23d-29b6176f49ac 00:33:36.158 --> 00:33:37.070 yellow arrows or these NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 addff722-02ca-4af0-b33b-44bb588aba1d 00:33:37.119 --> 00:33:38.049 little dotted lines. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 1ffdcacf-7b19-41a8-8d3b-75532306e8d8 00:33:38.050 --> 00:33:40.054 And here's a photo of what NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 c32b1111-7510-4fb4-8e18-c7efe2e43180 00:33:40.054 --> 00:33:41.390 those terrorists look like. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 6072b0e8-d22e-456c-bc4c-138c2ca3d7b7 00:33:41.390 --> 00:33:43.364 There's a bit of high ground here, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 d43dd3bb-8ea4-4aaa-85c1-30c2555f13a4 00:33:43.370 --> 00:33:44.346 slightly lower ground there. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 4a7b39a2-dbae-41fc-b379-37a9ff8e28da 00:33:44.346 --> 00:33:45.566 There's a slope between them, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 38e677e1-2f81-495b-ac30-2b242163c1a9 00:33:45.570 --> 00:33:46.755 so there's an upper terrace NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 0ad53f97-9711-4b69-bbbe-adea3b23b0cd 00:33:46.755 --> 00:33:47.703 and the lower terrace. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 1db1c649-917c-46f0-8f84-ea4c801bd1d2 00:33:47.710 --> 00:33:49.680 These terraces were created by NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 300f7908-e550-4ab3-9cad-90c7a7c2ee97 00:33:49.680 --> 00:33:51.650 wave action on Yellowstone Lake, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 207d46af-0ff8-4cfb-bea7-a59209b58f28 00:33:51.650 --> 00:33:53.659 and the fact that there are so NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 4da59544-5cd3-409b-955a-927031731bb5 00:33:53.659 --> 00:33:55.167 many terrorists means that the NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 244527e1-dcaa-46f1-9897-ac0d99d058ae 00:33:55.167 --> 00:33:56.627 lake was rising and falling. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 73b98ad3-963c-41b3-b472-37ecb2d2d29b 00:33:56.630 --> 00:33:57.740 We can date. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 92c9e60d-005c-4f58-aeee-560d6ffb1097 00:33:57.740 --> 00:33:59.960 The terrace is based on archaeological NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 6dfc65a1-5b88-42fe-8a72-949e66c9aad3 00:33:59.960 --> 00:34:02.180 evidence and even looking at ash NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 793ec784-5f20-4242-9361-53f8ee37269b 00:34:02.180 --> 00:34:03.965 layers from cascade eruptions from NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 1c907dca-56d5-49e8-9330-94368b1976ac 00:34:04.036 --> 00:34:06.298 like the eruption of Mountain Zamaan NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 9a5ec837-c0c8-4207-a97e-9398493ae000 00:34:06.298 --> 00:34:08.360 Crater Lake formed 7600 years ago. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 964fe69c-911b-4b40-b122-7e4e36bf69a1 00:34:08.360 --> 00:34:09.910 There's even you can find NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 e63ed6bc-c0b0-4ed0-afec-15ab9c11763a 00:34:09.910 --> 00:34:11.880 evidence of ash from Glacier Peak. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 e1d0f35c-9ef4-471b-99e1-54289228d270 00:34:11.880 --> 00:34:13.650 In in Washington from an eruption NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 bd3702be-a114-437b-a5d7-3466d39bed92 00:34:13.650 --> 00:34:15.446 that happened over 13,000 years ago. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 fbc4a0d5-6483-492a-b676-9ed460fe79c4 00:34:15.446 --> 00:34:17.258 When you put all that together, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 6587f2bb-aadf-45f7-8ddd-ca0b56a74491 00:34:17.260 --> 00:34:19.708 you find that over the last. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 01945d71-768a-423d-b542-73e0b9b5c7fd 00:34:19.710 --> 00:34:21.434 14,000 years or so, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 6c0cfc2c-e26c-4f70-bf55-55458ed9c89e 00:34:21.434 --> 00:34:25.880 Yellowstone has gone down by about 100 feet. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 d60f9810-2787-454d-bdea-6c116d4b15f9 00:34:25.880 --> 00:34:28.420 So Yellowstone's net change since the NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 10a154c3-2e00-4198-99d1-f7f06770748c 00:34:28.420 --> 00:34:30.960 ice went away was actually substance, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 abac21fd-1ce6-4f2d-ae3b-4bdf5104b842 00:34:30.960 --> 00:34:32.780 and it's probably doing this NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 929d9c9f-154e-4bd0-8658-ba80c7d0510a 00:34:32.780 --> 00:34:34.600 over time like it's breathing, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 8be776cf-c002-4197-bb34-7f5bb773c9ae 00:34:34.600 --> 00:34:36.060 but the net deformation based NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 9d2d0c31-5217-45c8-8153-e924978c6fae 00:34:36.060 --> 00:34:37.816 on the geologic evidence on the NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 f44fe5b1-8215-4eb0-a087-22170a928ff5 00:34:37.816 --> 00:34:39.475 lake has been and it's gone down, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 a9b539c4-c29c-4865-afa8-52af3e0a2867 00:34:39.480 --> 00:34:41.080 not up so often. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 0d6213aa-e54b-489f-a1f0-9a9f17935403 00:34:41.080 --> 00:34:42.680 Hear that Yeltsin's uplifting. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 efd25973-03ce-4320-a0ec-56082378fa69 00:34:42.680 --> 00:34:44.426 It's got to be a favorite thing of people NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 8b2e844b-4840-4202-9a68-8fec511b3978 00:34:44.426 --> 00:34:46.017 that are trying to sell their videos, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 650327ed-a1bb-4fe7-b404-9bd8ac15c6d7 00:34:46.020 --> 00:34:47.625 but the truth is actually NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 7f14f481-f120-41ab-ab3e-b0f80aacaa90 00:34:47.625 --> 00:34:49.230 far more complicated and far NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 83584c50-09d6-4f6f-87e0-e4acecb910ed 00:34:49.289 --> 00:34:52.190 more interesting than that. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 588a5d5e-14e5-4b38-8c01-30459447c60e 00:34:52.190 --> 00:34:53.834 Another thing you might hear often NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 b4c389a4-3383-4d0c-8a7b-86860fb634f5 00:34:53.834 --> 00:34:54.930 is that Yellowstone earthquakes, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 8d60fe5f-8a33-4146-8e6c-afd64a29978d 00:34:54.930 --> 00:34:56.178 meaning magma movement. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 d9cd09eb-3de4-4d89-b4fa-c782492edaa0 00:34:56.178 --> 00:34:59.090 There's a lot of earthquakes in Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 33afc6c7-e811-4dff-ac6a-c51d213e15ac 00:34:59.090 --> 00:35:00.824 What causes it? NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 2f7e6d6f-f7bb-4784-a7d5-b9616511bb95 00:35:00.824 --> 00:35:03.714 Is it really magma movement? NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 847d1141-4d13-437b-94f7-deeadb78b44a 00:35:03.720 --> 00:35:03.942 First, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 7340dcba-a5df-4a05-97fd-50887180570a 00:35:03.942 --> 00:35:05.274 let's talk about just how many NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 322d6448-e96f-4b95-a2f6-e03bcd855f73 00:35:05.274 --> 00:35:06.420 earthquakes happened in Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 e1ec8149-f072-4d97-8eb8-1fd451515294 00:35:06.420 --> 00:35:08.247 It is one of the most seismically NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 5b5f83eb-bf23-42b2-88ce-5673c00c07b5 00:35:08.247 --> 00:35:10.049 active areas in the United States. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 80f1f7d7-0d50-405a-a1a6-4599b9551b64 00:35:10.050 --> 00:35:10.862 On average, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 25e510f8-c2a0-4355-acb4-0b7a208d0926 00:35:10.862 --> 00:35:13.268 there's something like 1500 to 2500 NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 324fad8f-1980-4b54-879d-f07c8e5df29c 00:35:13.268 --> 00:35:15.248 earthquakes to located every year NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 dc98efd1-42e1-42b6-948b-1da25bd3b30b 00:35:15.248 --> 00:35:17.737 occasionally can be as high as nearly 4000. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 5d68a03d-0cd4-4d7f-a4f4-2ace1e87cc3e 00:35:17.740 --> 00:35:20.270 And about 50% of these NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 28db4a34-9c7e-420d-9b6b-8a0c63e1306b 00:35:20.270 --> 00:35:22.800 earthquakes occur as swarm events. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 afe61fa9-df25-4f39-9472-f3c56ef142a0 00:35:22.800 --> 00:35:23.600 Since 1973, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 73d45d39-ff11-4b57-87d9-bfa6b9717355 00:35:23.600 --> 00:35:25.712 we've seen over 50,000 earthquakes. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 13ebe401-314b-4430-89be-302387f54561 00:35:25.712 --> 00:35:29.129 Here's a map of those earthquakes since 1973. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 8c0650e8-9b3c-41d4-9b37-53584e4d13db 00:35:29.129 --> 00:35:30.662 Here all of the red ones are NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 853aed3a-f156-47b4-9e00-8c550fe50b9a 00:35:30.662 --> 00:35:31.700 just discrete earthquakes. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 c0dc5760-2cab-4c27-a2f1-2c96688a7738 00:35:31.700 --> 00:35:33.932 The blue ones are the swarms and you NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 885c208f-84cb-49b3-b819-40a5fe541e59 00:35:33.932 --> 00:35:36.345 can see how they seem to happen in NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 b7d03c80-b78e-4688-b941-188b4264bfd8 00:35:36.345 --> 00:35:38.618 these sorts of bands of size missing. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 e447be2b-aaa5-4962-ad82-9b6eec718ba6 00:35:38.620 --> 00:35:40.678 Now, over 99% of the earthquakes NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 e1abeea3-401d-4b25-b6dd-80c05d40563d 00:35:40.678 --> 00:35:42.460 are magnitude 2 or less. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 017534d1-0e88-42a2-a190-4bd52fc8c80d 00:35:42.460 --> 00:35:44.430 They're not felt by anyone. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 923bc988-f918-42ad-9a4c-d8374ecc0cbf 00:35:44.430 --> 00:35:47.086 And since 1973 we had one magnitude 6. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 2bf59b04-3fba-43e8-8f40-69615791d6b5 00:35:47.090 --> 00:35:49.328 There was a magnitude 6.1 near NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 e59c4dd2-a673-4829-aeff-dbe4d66cd1bb 00:35:49.328 --> 00:35:50.672 Norris in 1975, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 4ebe1370-bad1-420e-99bc-f83463b3fe68 00:35:50.672 --> 00:35:53.040 two magnitude 529 magnitude NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 ba293996-3c39-4c43-856f-9e4cfb53b2c2 00:35:53.040 --> 00:35:56.290 fours and about 400 magnitude 3. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 3926f620-9143-45bf-ae0b-da9421e47644 00:35:56.290 --> 00:35:58.380 There's usually a few magnitude NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 930d666b-23a9-4381-bb66-5a720750d5a6 00:35:58.380 --> 00:35:59.634 threes every year. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 589d00db-bb73-4b3b-940c-7224a99fd6b9 00:35:59.640 --> 00:36:01.280 The largest event in the NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 4d9c3912-a8f4-4581-9f53-4fd753968c83 00:36:01.280 --> 00:36:02.666 region happened in 1959, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 34f06539-de43-4889-81cb-d949b18aebe5 00:36:02.666 --> 00:36:04.250 just outside the park. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 97a29521-299d-438b-9587-442024e696f3 00:36:04.250 --> 00:36:06.330 That was a magnitude 7.3. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 b228945c-9100-45ed-a243-7e4cd5449841 00:36:06.330 --> 00:36:08.112 That's the largest earthquake that's ever NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 c91a47b0-edda-4521-bdd3-7ee5ae40384f 00:36:08.112 --> 00:36:10.269 been recorded in the Intermountain West, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 6107116d-6b1b-4247-bd56-b1df30d721a3 00:36:10.270 --> 00:36:11.914 so all kinds of earthquakes in NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 9698ea9f-91b7-4e34-808e-2029f78b3198 00:36:11.914 --> 00:36:12.736 the Elstar region. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 e97a25bf-838b-4db7-95d1-c639f6f34394 00:36:12.740 --> 00:36:14.669 What's driving them? NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 e5554e99-56bb-45fd-b6bf-f01253e4a827 00:36:14.670 --> 00:36:17.250 There are faults galore in Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 1b2e2f9a-41d5-4931-9e50-f9e78d4538b6 00:36:17.250 --> 00:36:17.978 Here is a map. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 5601a69f-1dd7-404d-8d4b-0fe09adadb86 00:36:17.978 --> 00:36:19.450 You can see the park outlined in blue. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 42be54a1-bea0-489f-a35b-9ec671a2257e 00:36:19.450 --> 00:36:22.034 The caldera is in purple and all of NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 5f354f9a-a327-4aa4-b42a-4feedba7640d 00:36:22.034 --> 00:36:24.409 these black lines are mapped faults. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 3a8853d9-22d6-45df-9362-e4ddfc28606f 00:36:24.410 --> 00:36:26.042 You can see how they're sort of coming NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 f579ade6-f2cb-4ee4-bb8e-86e4acdd2b4d 00:36:26.042 --> 00:36:27.368 right into the Yellowstone area, NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 5e81e702-2f2b-4f54-b2ca-c0aeaacbabe5 00:36:27.370 --> 00:36:29.536 and then they sort of disappear. NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 7d4d5224-daae-48ee-9480-01800b611a2a 00:36:29.540 --> 00:36:30.435 And then they come out NOTE Confidence: 0.817751283076923 eaf42090-2d18-465a-90e0-f269d23591ea 00:36:30.435 --> 00:36:31.330 some of the South side NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 92be5dd7-e24d-4f02-b8c3-dcf76b89c5bc 00:36:31.372 --> 00:36:32.682 of the caldera. The only fault we NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 752fab40-83a4-41ea-bf0e-e780dbf3be69 00:36:32.682 --> 00:36:34.256 see in the call there are these ones NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 91a8d95c-8c13-41b4-88db-ece665a56026 00:36:34.256 --> 00:36:35.852 that are sort of associated with the NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 643dcff8-6a0d-449e-be06-56a67bbc2df7 00:36:35.852 --> 00:36:37.209 Caldara itself rising and falling. NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 abb44984-3307-486b-9e86-18be03b08225 00:36:37.210 --> 00:36:39.286 These faults are present because the NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 8cec4021-803b-4660-8ebf-335bf8ec2f8d 00:36:39.286 --> 00:36:41.844 whole area is being stretched apart and NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 a1c9f494-d6d9-40b2-8ac3-8da8080eddca 00:36:41.844 --> 00:36:43.726 that's what caused the 1959 earthquake. NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 971c16b9-af15-4df6-aa8d-13815db6a775 00:36:43.726 --> 00:36:44.914 That's what we're seeing in this. NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 4d209725-cb58-48ac-8159-6a67204d5457 00:36:44.920 --> 00:36:47.174 Photo here is this carp from that NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 cfca11a3-f9f6-425d-b6ee-77d3941bbca4 00:36:47.174 --> 00:36:48.492 huge earthquake that happened NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 2f754db4-ae91-4ade-8d8a-c04257fa928f 00:36:48.492 --> 00:36:50.480 just to the West of the park. NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 46ad00b8-9161-407d-ad85-30615f14666e 00:36:50.480 --> 00:36:52.455 These faults almost certainly extend NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 d203097a-3220-4309-b06e-e126b901d545 00:36:52.455 --> 00:36:54.035 right through Yellowstone area, NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 d388552e-24a6-4af9-acf5-834e368ada12 00:36:54.040 --> 00:36:56.548 but essentially they were blown apart when NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 548f74a4-10e0-43cd-9390-a411c1a9421a 00:36:56.548 --> 00:36:58.941 the big caldera formed 631,000 years ago, NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 98c30ea4-1504-4d6e-bbe9-1b7baedb53eb 00:36:58.941 --> 00:37:00.063 so that call there blew a NOTE Confidence: 0.88110665 d0b01180-0e78-49fa-a3d8-c19f84af129f 00:37:00.063 --> 00:37:01.167 hole in the faulting system. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 ba928f10-1d93-46b3-b055-d8b9c9a7aa22 00:37:03.600 --> 00:37:05.352 There's also a lot of fluid, and yell NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 60bb9666-5407-44ce-a505-661a7dc082b8 00:37:05.352 --> 00:37:06.720 says we have tons and tons of faults. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 dacdfff6-fac1-4a28-9bdb-2834bee89cd7 00:37:06.720 --> 00:37:08.225 We have a lot of water moving NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 d0259077-ddd1-43ab-a1ca-3255cc002581 00:37:08.225 --> 00:37:09.470 around in the subsurface, NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 cd69e629-aa11-4ab1-b90f-0a8b626254af 00:37:09.470 --> 00:37:10.706 and as an example of that, NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 3086efd0-081f-4153-9578-eccf2f2f9f97 00:37:10.710 --> 00:37:12.677 let's look at the Maple Creek earthquakes NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 8fb25f1a-4d07-4ece-b55f-0cef1b6e28e6 00:37:12.677 --> 00:37:14.094 from thousands of earthquakes that NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 d4246606-9e15-4408-a53d-d79b3d28c1b5 00:37:14.094 --> 00:37:15.928 happened in 2017 and I'm going to NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 e46fd985-8ec5-405b-8ed9-777e5c90e356 00:37:15.928 --> 00:37:17.811 play a little movie right here that NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 7b383bec-e812-4c65-bad4-115f83eab061 00:37:17.811 --> 00:37:19.847 shows first these events in Map view, NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 5240d418-3faa-49f7-a208-9918418cf356 00:37:19.847 --> 00:37:21.821 but we're going to rotate it NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 cdb3915d-604c-480d-8c79-ea1c531d11b4 00:37:21.821 --> 00:37:23.907 and look at it inside view. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 a7af0ac6-d7f6-4e8f-aaf1-2a55fc8ad98e 00:37:23.910 --> 00:37:26.087 The color indicates when these events happen. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 a55f7b08-4474-422d-b1af-bd136facc7e0 00:37:26.090 --> 00:37:28.474 Blue starting in June of 2017 going to NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 7c415aac-0c5c-4199-8372-3810b0d437db 00:37:28.474 --> 00:37:31.108 the Reds that were in September of 2017. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 e9041558-678d-4208-bc55-72c0cf673f04 00:37:31.110 --> 00:37:33.224 You see how it's sort of fanned NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 6a7ec20a-a5c5-4571-bd97-59a808dad6d0 00:37:33.224 --> 00:37:35.069 out from that center piece. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 57c56a39-3931-43c7-8876-79d8f12311f4 00:37:35.070 --> 00:37:37.090 That's evidence that these NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 dd169048-cbc2-4240-9409-5a22bc12e20f 00:37:37.090 --> 00:37:39.110 are driven by water. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 90f9fa20-0d40-42a7-bcc6-149787dc2dec 00:37:39.110 --> 00:37:41.342 Water is diffusing outward and it's NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 e40e88f1-db4c-450f-b026-64e1f7721ced 00:37:41.342 --> 00:37:42.830 helping these false disruptions, NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 8d5d7af0-694f-4bfb-9463-892864f55f3b 00:37:42.830 --> 00:37:44.886 so the combination of all of these faults NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 7883d198-a145-405b-9ef9-2caf54d3e262 00:37:44.886 --> 00:37:47.217 in the area with tons and tons of water. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 3764519f-c938-4829-ab6a-5ad251ecfd94 00:37:47.220 --> 00:37:49.222 We know there's water given all of NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 dbadad03-c456-4bcb-abc7-de2b2b3d9cab 00:37:49.222 --> 00:37:50.717 the geyser activity and thermal NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 d21f9f4c-8121-4156-8b0d-39f733ba367b 00:37:50.717 --> 00:37:52.740 activity in Hot Springs and so forth. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 50df4dc1-55e0-4c01-be42-0d1d54d6d0a9 00:37:52.740 --> 00:37:54.924 That's what's driving a lot of the NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 d254c8dd-e70e-47ae-9298-48f322f80239 00:37:54.924 --> 00:37:57.039 earthquakes in the Yellowstone region. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 f02eeadd-8442-4767-ad1f-5975e4cb8308 00:37:57.040 --> 00:37:58.006 Here's another misconception. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 8a1c09b4-d25b-45da-8bdd-3c8d52e945b2 00:37:58.006 --> 00:37:59.294 An earthquake will trigger NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 85c84e5f-3fac-4e3a-b5ba-c320e4d87ea0 00:37:59.294 --> 00:38:00.260 a Yellowstone eruption. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 1477781b-1ac3-4786-804c-e0e259bc3744 00:38:00.260 --> 00:38:01.882 This sort of makes sense, right? NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 6580c449-3cb7-49ba-a6dc-94c418420ff7 00:38:01.882 --> 00:38:02.204 Intuitively, NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 df55a870-55f1-4791-8103-bb26b2e5a396 00:38:02.204 --> 00:38:05.120 we often talk about magma being like a soda. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 33383030-9f79-44ab-90cf-9f646ae1a658 00:38:05.120 --> 00:38:06.518 It's got gas dissolved in it. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 92e2af32-b061-4210-9015-9b4ab8b9907e 00:38:06.520 --> 00:38:09.274 And what happens if you shake a soda right, NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 5af4a397-67fa-4df8-9d4e-3bbe89a0f919 00:38:09.280 --> 00:38:09.660 kaboom? NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 f998f624-715b-47ef-ac8a-877f1343dd08 00:38:09.660 --> 00:38:11.560 So if you shake magma, NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 3c3a288e-b721-4777-bdbd-03291facecb8 00:38:11.560 --> 00:38:14.800 wouldn't that also cause an eruption? NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 938e89d6-eb55-4225-8d4c-efdb6ae3e686 00:38:14.800 --> 00:38:17.853 This plot up here is something NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 efa9646e-94b1-4762-9521-c70872ed9932 00:38:17.853 --> 00:38:19.668 I pulled off of Google. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 f7d3435c-5459-4852-bbed-4cba358e6635 00:38:19.670 --> 00:38:21.800 Google searches for Yellowstone eruption NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 aba9eee2-df7b-4a7f-b107-6b74fa4e7a53 00:38:21.800 --> 00:38:24.529 between July 2nd and 9th of 2019. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 8dc3b3e2-4e6a-4af0-9d50-2199a867e4a8 00:38:24.530 --> 00:38:26.635 This little spike right there NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 c73646e3-4bd7-40cc-8431-11785413c8e7 00:38:26.635 --> 00:38:28.740 coincided with a magnitude 6 NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 d9a12c05-d754-42ab-8f8b-08dccba6c4b1 00:38:28.822 --> 00:38:31.495 earthquake in California on July 4th, NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 9d136579-84bf-49cb-a3fc-7b064f615da5 00:38:31.495 --> 00:38:33.910 2019 and then there was a magnitude NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 4d1a1a43-614e-4bc1-8f8b-cc5da09fe54d 00:38:33.910 --> 00:38:35.765 7.1 a day later in July 5th. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 9aa23fcd-ca00-443b-ae10-c0d8318d7e23 00:38:35.770 --> 00:38:38.074 That spike right there is people NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 fc1e09a7-85e8-4a84-b966-609b51326375 00:38:38.074 --> 00:38:39.746 searching Yellowstone eruption and NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 a8d7c006-b688-439f-80c2-e21040c0369d 00:38:39.746 --> 00:38:42.140 associated with this magnitude 7.1. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 3aa4d5c8-13d2-4a2c-87f3-44b5d52c5f6f 00:38:42.140 --> 00:38:45.110 Well, we know that this isn't true as well. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 c019aad1-0266-48c6-9cd0-756cf62e8c13 00:38:45.110 --> 00:38:46.610 Just like we can demonstrate NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 4c3d5e28-5a87-4c64-8625-2ee1a4c80c62 00:38:46.610 --> 00:38:48.110 that the Yellowstone eruption is NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 f3cccc65-38e5-40c5-b755-37411c1182b5 00:38:48.163 --> 00:38:49.687 not going to wipe out humanity, NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 fd9b1c05-272f-4931-ba3c-e472110ea01c 00:38:49.690 --> 00:38:51.265 we can demonstrate that earthquakes NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 8180d0ed-890e-4194-9b2d-c165608858ff 00:38:51.265 --> 00:38:52.525 don't trigger Yellowstone eruptions, NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 09e6f2c3-c756-4aa3-b7a0-d02231f4e1f3 00:38:52.530 --> 00:38:54.973 and that's because there are a huge NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 cd3340dd-3115-4c71-990d-05d4931a88d0 00:38:54.973 --> 00:38:57.190 number of earthquakes in the western US. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 027002e6-efe3-44c0-a43d-2bbfe2a82a84 00:38:57.190 --> 00:38:58.595 The entire western US is NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 7337e915-617e-4ebe-aeae-3d7a17f38dc6 00:38:58.595 --> 00:38:59.438 being stretched apart. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 e276a15e-b6e3-4316-885b-ac7b12c83b4a 00:38:59.440 --> 00:39:01.372 That's why there's all those faults NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 aaebe006-43b7-4ec7-b699-2309f1514baa 00:39:01.372 --> 00:39:02.990 in the Yellowstone region and NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 dab58f04-d5ea-4f6c-8e9b-b08ab7fba4fd 00:39:02.990 --> 00:39:04.634 extends all the way from Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 90b7d38c-80d9-46c4-ac18-40a00c164c68 00:39:04.634 --> 00:39:06.678 all the way to Eastern California. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 7daa4330-92bc-46d0-9cea-d3be93a7c7a6 00:39:06.680 --> 00:39:08.576 This whole area of the basin and range, NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 5c6dd3ed-c5ae-4a2b-90d0-2c93e0e3a61e 00:39:08.580 --> 00:39:10.113 which you can sort of see from NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 85c4005d-8868-42e8-9801-2b390d092708 00:39:10.113 --> 00:39:11.050 a satellite view here. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 76626ea0-652a-49f9-9080-653c89ead585 00:39:11.050 --> 00:39:12.345 This is the Great Valley, California. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 0f746838-19b0-46dd-a0fb-1a6a462b5e35 00:39:12.345 --> 00:39:14.715 The Grand Canyon is in the NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 8b61fe88-5c87-41e8-b26e-5289e1b2adc1 00:39:14.715 --> 00:39:17.244 foreground and all of these ripples NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 f784306e-f253-432f-9ad1-f7a90bde59a7 00:39:17.244 --> 00:39:19.364 are mountain ranges and valleys. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 bcb07c4c-0a13-4b0d-827f-8f01be9a90f2 00:39:19.370 --> 00:39:20.786 But Mountain Range valley. NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 10a89556-035a-4cce-9dd2-feaa41cf4de9 00:39:20.786 --> 00:39:22.202 Topography formed because the NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 2086bde4-876d-47be-a966-0e68a414141d 00:39:22.202 --> 00:39:23.849 area is being stretched, NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 91641eb4-f9a5-46b3-a034-08594ebbf79d 00:39:23.850 --> 00:39:25.452 so every one of these mountain NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 ec17cc4d-f475-4ea8-b486-151d6f5e56b7 00:39:25.452 --> 00:39:26.960 ranges is associated with default, NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 295b4c8f-7d49-4403-b797-1709e4e98a63 00:39:26.960 --> 00:39:28.496 so they're going to be magnitude NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 ba3cdfc7-e61a-40f6-bed4-7f8132774739 00:39:28.496 --> 00:39:29.810 7 earthquakes all the time, NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 64918b63-7ef7-4d46-99ce-cfcc7667174f 00:39:29.810 --> 00:39:31.925 and in fact just in the past year we NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 2c7b73dc-3ed0-4fb8-b44c-792400ce37e6 00:39:31.925 --> 00:39:34.270 had a magnitude 5.7 near Salt Lake City NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 e63fed3c-d184-4948-bd0e-c2c49686ae34 00:39:34.270 --> 00:39:36.610 that was in March mid March of 2020, NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 ca21f612-1c37-40da-8a7a-2e1766d4de97 00:39:36.610 --> 00:39:38.780 and it's 6.5 in central Idaho at NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 68283545-9f38-4c57-8f30-b9ce2ac94b37 00:39:38.780 --> 00:39:41.703 the end of March 2020 there was a NOTE Confidence: 0.901299735 ab65493d-b1a8-4a37-9b61-7e51145cda19 00:39:41.703 --> 00:39:44.946 magnitude 6.9 here in 1983 as well, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 f5f221d0-cbc4-423d-adc8-92481645bd30 00:39:44.950 --> 00:39:45.970 so there are a magnitude NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 d20f7909-1b86-49b7-9d16-9a4ba9d63143 00:39:45.970 --> 00:39:46.990 7 events all the time, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 65881604-bf41-4f09-8a5f-bff6713459b6 00:39:46.990 --> 00:39:48.358 six or seven in the basin and range. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 bb9e7bf4-924f-4ffb-8cde-e154748c4d9d 00:39:48.360 --> 00:39:50.404 We know there's magnitude 9 events off NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 8f82bb56-8223-46ef-9af9-cc2504e86645 00:39:50.404 --> 00:39:52.599 the coast of Oregon and Washington. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 1a963e01-e57e-4508-9241-341342aa057d 00:39:52.600 --> 00:39:54.300 There's a potential for magnitude NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 6b120f83-38d4-4a1d-9eac-e7db9c1786e8 00:39:54.300 --> 00:39:55.660 8 events in California. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 42eabdc4-2837-4eb6-9325-1a29b5fabf2c 00:39:55.660 --> 00:39:57.164 The last time Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 53260a53-9b39-427c-850c-a0f2b8c89fb9 00:39:57.164 --> 00:39:58.536 erupted 70,000 years ago. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 11364742-06a3-4fa9-a908-4d68a117a8ab 00:39:58.536 --> 00:40:01.610 There have been and there was a lava flow. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 c3356f0d-f58a-4e97-a017-9ea69b31a2ca 00:40:01.610 --> 00:40:03.608 There have been thousands of earthquakes NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 1bfcf91a-0f1a-4145-b08e-a3a6a5373eeb 00:40:03.608 --> 00:40:05.630 in the western US since then. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 0c7d7185-533f-4370-8e01-90448714f9dd 00:40:05.630 --> 00:40:08.006 If we go back to the last big NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 f3730508-3e53-41b3-8f01-3329746b5db1 00:40:08.006 --> 00:40:09.489 explosion 631,000 years ago, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 e753534d-81cd-439d-baf2-fc6e7315851c 00:40:09.489 --> 00:40:11.847 there have been 10s of thousands NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 2b4f0f6f-bbca-45ce-a52f-2758e7ad9767 00:40:11.847 --> 00:40:13.774 of magnitude 789 earthquakes. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 6d4f8ed1-40e2-4aac-8700-665f7fa99934 00:40:13.774 --> 00:40:15.784 None of them have caused NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 1b4f9197-d1e9-4342-a916-413ac681336a 00:40:15.784 --> 00:40:17.770 Yellowstone to erupt config way, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 e16b8685-9056-4f5a-bae2-b7409c4a78a4 00:40:17.770 --> 00:40:20.386 so it sounds like it might make sense, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 fd26b4db-d4b4-4b35-bc5c-8dba32332db0 00:40:20.390 --> 00:40:22.870 but it doesn't work for the L sound NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 d1ed45e5-024d-40c2-bbce-a4e08c7869be 00:40:22.870 --> 00:40:24.630 system triggering of eruptions by NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 5e1b3e86-bd2d-49b6-b5d2-ad59e6bd4fb8 00:40:24.630 --> 00:40:26.778 earthquakes is a relatively rare thing, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 177671b5-744e-4420-9c9d-677594838d3e 00:40:26.780 --> 00:40:28.466 and this is just for fun. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 dc5518a4-392f-4c76-ad03-2c7fb4ac94c5 00:40:28.470 --> 00:40:30.236 Occasionally I also hear people say, well, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 c5b5a871-38ed-4d75-8d48-6f39b121da1c 00:40:30.236 --> 00:40:31.766 yeah, what about nuking Yellowstone? NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 38442a02-8015-4574-96eb-f2ceb8c9fab3 00:40:31.770 --> 00:40:33.646 You know what if Kim Jong-un or NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 109ff1f2-b686-4706-9794-fa861d64b877 00:40:33.646 --> 00:40:35.572 Vladimir Putin or some James Bond NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 0a1760d3-0d00-4673-84da-4dae73f2f34e 00:40:35.572 --> 00:40:36.992 villain decides they're going NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 e4be6f7a-3774-42a9-9738-bfef06d59360 00:40:36.992 --> 00:40:39.011 to nuke Yellowstone and wipe out NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 8b5c66fc-563b-4722-8925-ca02292278de 00:40:39.011 --> 00:40:40.199 the entire United States? NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 b8ee9122-415b-42fc-b7fd-3c61f09c9705 00:40:40.200 --> 00:40:41.324 Not going to work. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 eb6e73a0-ad23-4af5-999a-a40f3c74f6c0 00:40:41.324 --> 00:40:43.736 It's going to wipe out one of the NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 9710d93e-eff5-417e-af7d-4a4eda438996 00:40:43.736 --> 00:40:45.386 most gorgeous places on Earth. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 429fdbc6-9caf-4b50-b402-7130fe61aae7 00:40:45.390 --> 00:40:47.476 It's not going to cause an eruption. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 a921e379-a5c2-4965-b53e-b24343f34e74 00:40:47.480 --> 00:40:47.842 Remember, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 e85433b5-2d20-44b5-ae38-4e918d704f74 00:40:47.842 --> 00:40:50.170 I mentioned that magnitude 7.3 earthquake. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 ff209111-0eed-4c6b-ba6f-48fb6a3727ba 00:40:50.170 --> 00:40:50.610 Well, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 6a76899e-8280-40ee-83d0-7171af3f3e13 00:40:50.610 --> 00:40:53.250 here's a magnitude scale for earthquakes. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 194d7e61-c03e-479d-a68d-3c3c45abb098 00:40:53.250 --> 00:40:56.160 The energy released here magnitude NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 3235c7a6-aa84-4286-b8a2-5751cf36877d 00:40:56.160 --> 00:40:58.080 7.3 is much bigger than the NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 9e27f118-3d06-40d9-99e5-efd2e62a84f8 00:40:58.080 --> 00:41:00.149 atomic bomb that was dropped on NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 5f0f13ad-aa1e-47d8-b852-37f3cbf5cc92 00:41:00.149 --> 00:41:01.954 Hiroshima in World War Two. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 a81eeea3-4144-4621-b76c-caba114fabb7 00:41:01.960 --> 00:41:04.235 It's not too far off from the NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 64e3cbd8-f8eb-407c-b485-e86aff846e03 00:41:04.235 --> 00:41:06.249 largest nuclear test ever conducted. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 acff5da6-dec6-457c-98e3-448e6a7b7209 00:41:06.250 --> 00:41:07.422 That actually happened that NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 a4398c26-2f8d-410b-befc-51977e5f5841 00:41:07.422 --> 00:41:09.180 that 7.3 happened in the ground NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 ddbd2b25-5d2a-4c27-8100-fcd592a99fcf 00:41:09.230 --> 00:41:10.820 right next to the magma chamber. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 c3045dfd-33f5-43dc-a36b-c6b3c4370b86 00:41:10.820 --> 00:41:11.903 No effect whatsoever, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 d569e518-8a32-4066-bf95-46a4b8edb59c 00:41:11.903 --> 00:41:14.430 so no Yellowstone if you nuke it, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 99ffc95f-5493-468e-90dc-1238e9588ee2 00:41:14.430 --> 00:41:17.230 you're going to wipe out a gorgeous place. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 1d83a281-1df1-4ead-bee7-14f3ccc798a8 00:41:17.230 --> 00:41:19.810 It will have no impact on NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 50fa317a-e521-471c-a348-86f026b57f7e 00:41:19.810 --> 00:41:21.100 the volcano whatsoever. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 b043807c-6d4b-4bdd-afed-b25f81b03e53 00:41:21.100 --> 00:41:22.708 Alright, #9 Yellowstone is heating up. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 38d5549b-87bc-4e12-a7d7-20eebee5124c 00:41:22.710 --> 00:41:23.220 This one's fun. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 9d961001-c9bc-4dda-9ca5-2e6a827fd66e 00:41:23.220 --> 00:41:24.410 We hear this one a lot too. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 8e3bdb35-9ff7-4fc8-921c-39f3235fdc66 00:41:24.410 --> 00:41:26.461 Whenever there's a big geyser eruption or NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 0943a8e2-f578-4253-9dc7-3992ebd26114 00:41:26.461 --> 00:41:28.946 or if there's a change in thermal activity. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 03866e8b-7b3b-43ed-8626-dff8bb0a89ff 00:41:28.950 --> 00:41:30.650 Also must be heating up. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 93963b5e-761c-40b1-880f-c3d686b77f47 00:41:30.650 --> 00:41:32.390 No, Yellowstone is dynamic. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 d2103bc0-2467-4230-861c-850140aada5e 00:41:32.390 --> 00:41:33.695 That's the keyword. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 23ffe861-44f9-4a79-8a22-361226faee3c 00:41:33.700 --> 00:41:34.600 It is constantly changing. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 bcd45e22-4065-422d-b2f8-dcfbb95d500d 00:41:34.600 --> 00:41:35.950 It's one of the things that NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 65e91c98-4423-4fb2-a3e1-646f0de9922c 00:41:35.994 --> 00:41:37.368 makes it so interesting to study, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 0bdb2d39-d26b-4714-a14b-f2807d8406c4 00:41:37.370 --> 00:41:38.990 and I've got a great example NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 285030a4-1fa2-4e3d-8811-9fdb096c9d8b 00:41:38.990 --> 00:41:40.070 of that right here. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 5aad7e43-2e94-44e9-a48b-ac410e2c8c11 00:41:40.070 --> 00:41:41.190 This is from a colleague of mine, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 b2e3956a-b60f-40fa-9033-fcccd9c61258 00:41:41.190 --> 00:41:42.294 Greg Vaughn, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 14d7b5cd-50ab-4068-9a71-97d1fc9aedc2 00:41:42.294 --> 00:41:45.054 who studies thermal satellite data. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 d9ffae7f-7ae8-4730-9516-d2caa102d2c5 00:41:45.060 --> 00:41:47.548 He can look at Yellowstone heat from space, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 00537210-a261-4a52-a663-5c7e8b6eb904 00:41:47.550 --> 00:41:49.620 so every year he looks at newest data and NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 6dfbf80a-84d5-45a8-a45e-d0189b0b2411 00:41:49.620 --> 00:41:51.657 tries to see whether anything has changed. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 3b37220b-d19c-4b77-8391-fe4a7d1770fc 00:41:51.660 --> 00:41:54.549 One year he zoomed in on this part of NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 2c4860c4-2592-463c-95ec-ec998c024a42 00:41:54.549 --> 00:41:57.780 the eastern side of Yellowstone caldera. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 3608e779-7e9b-4279-babc-f76c2a0f3811 00:41:57.780 --> 00:41:58.596 And this is what he saw. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 4377dd85-f62c-4f77-8842-6b864f6060c9 00:41:58.600 --> 00:42:01.688 The blue areas are lakes areas that are NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 fc749f10-922e-4b04-9a4c-e109be8eec0e 00:42:01.688 --> 00:42:04.659 outlined in red are known thermal areas. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 ff2f4724-4fe1-4027-a4f9-257a35b04ae5 00:42:04.660 --> 00:42:06.207 But then there's that spot right there, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 43f03ee1-349f-4ed7-85ce-93663bf4b60c 00:42:06.210 --> 00:42:07.978 no red around it. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 500b2876-67d5-47b7-918b-9e3090349d0c 00:42:07.978 --> 00:42:09.746 So what is that? NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 0d34558a-9426-41b5-8db2-f7766eea6ba6 00:42:09.750 --> 00:42:11.100 Is that a new thermal area, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 ffda182a-9989-4454-8737-afd7f55ded72 00:42:11.100 --> 00:42:13.460 or is it some sort of weird anomaly? NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 1b85a9f4-7b4c-41fe-a0fc-2f49c40b9a97 00:42:13.460 --> 00:42:13.683 Well, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 cc10c572-2de1-4fbb-9dd4-546dc3b5b4ab 00:42:13.683 --> 00:42:16.051 he was able to get his hands on some air NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 32b24685-0547-49b5-8e36-522b64d8f6ec 00:42:16.051 --> 00:42:18.144 photos that are repeated every few years, NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 e900fa8e-52a7-4078-a46b-bb1c0846b369 00:42:18.150 --> 00:42:20.044 and this is what it looked like in 1994. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 c2a31ef0-ae3f-4b09-b6ba-b9022838b686 00:42:20.044 --> 00:42:21.180 Here's an existing thermal NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 f8225e1c-f2f1-4cf9-91f5-8de10a58e585 00:42:21.180 --> 00:42:22.600 area we already knew about. NOTE Confidence: 0.905772816 66f5d35b-29ae-4278-a7d7-ee35bcd7f679 00:42:22.600 --> 00:42:24.595 That's the area he was focused on. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 66325c8d-65c9-4084-a71e-62372419c3b1 00:42:24.600 --> 00:42:28.100 So in 1994, 2003 it's starting NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 fa2f0270-b0cc-4e17-a2c6-a63c8a63ed63 00:42:28.100 --> 00:42:30.200 to look a little funny. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 9f3ed8ce-1fd3-441c-b2ea-ba5bb8503c60 00:42:30.200 --> 00:42:31.964 For 2006, there's definitely NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 c17dedfa-58fc-48da-8894-9c78f39f591a 00:42:31.964 --> 00:42:34.610 something going on right in there. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 32df933d-5984-4df2-9e75-0a70c1d98ece 00:42:34.610 --> 00:42:35.698 2009 look at that. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 ea28c5f3-72e5-4b3d-9316-09fbf7378c9d 00:42:35.698 --> 00:42:37.330 Trees have started to die off NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 75f2ffd4-054a-4316-a2b5-daaed49d8714 00:42:37.387 --> 00:42:39.053 and by Tony 15 this looks like NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 5469e5f0-54c1-40c1-a5fb-c6fcdfab620d 00:42:39.053 --> 00:42:40.559 a brand new thermal area. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 030879fc-8463-4ab9-9721-17dcc668718e 00:42:40.560 --> 00:42:41.680 In fact, that's what it NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 96abd58b-20a1-419b-813e-a857c69b3c98 00:42:41.680 --> 00:42:43.070 is we caught in the Act, NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 d1e9057a-0510-49ea-bb47-1af8122e9525 00:42:43.070 --> 00:42:44.760 a thermal area forming at NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 bf1171f9-7be4-43a4-b893-3f99ae7249a6 00:42:44.760 --> 00:42:46.450 Yellowstone and we'll be able NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 fe22f08d-d95e-4515-8714-5a4c6ef9b947 00:42:46.519 --> 00:42:48.490 to go out and have a look at it. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 33709993-57e6-4d90-aa5b-d30c47f6a752 00:42:48.490 --> 00:42:50.638 Here's that thermal area close up. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 8dd02b50-f9d6-4c96-8b8f-2bf41bf80630 00:42:50.640 --> 00:42:51.990 And here's the thermal view, NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 0f3509f2-b300-48af-95f9-fb68b310e6cc 00:42:51.990 --> 00:42:53.410 taken with a thermal camera. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 5f6e21fb-1853-412c-afee-c3b326652f91 00:42:53.410 --> 00:42:54.706 Parts of it are quite hot. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 45b52f9b-79ad-4a90-a4df-df6f1d97e353 00:42:54.710 --> 00:42:56.480 In fact, just below the surface NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 fce46776-a416-484b-9bf7-c0531ce9ee13 00:42:56.480 --> 00:42:57.660 it's near boiling temperatures. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 25abdd6b-b3ed-4767-be8b-d2d8e08bdb05 00:42:57.660 --> 00:42:59.136 But then you've got areas right NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 6ce33d17-53c5-429a-87bd-19ddf4d10b7f 00:42:59.136 --> 00:43:00.968 next to it that are quite cool. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 e680421a-4625-4b83-b3eb-e55d8b2119ae 00:43:00.970 --> 00:43:02.740 This must happen all the time NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 ed4aeafe-fa47-4ccb-b904-bf6396fa4e1a 00:43:02.740 --> 00:43:04.492 in Yellowstone to result in all NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 13e6f20c-6d71-4393-9add-db8f6ff7a98b 00:43:04.492 --> 00:43:06.046 of the thermal features we see, NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 391ed87f-97db-429a-a796-8349856d2792 00:43:06.050 --> 00:43:08.030 but they don't just heat up. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 c6d8a998-9325-4d7a-9d01-e615145d0262 00:43:08.030 --> 00:43:09.154 They also cool down. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 16ff938c-2c0d-49dc-8ded-077802fc5829 00:43:09.154 --> 00:43:10.840 And here's an example of that. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 bca0c708-bcf5-4364-a7a4-2712a9ee569a 00:43:10.840 --> 00:43:12.658 Here is the Lower Geyser Basin NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 92ea0bad-2e36-41f4-bb30-39f04c95f689 00:43:12.658 --> 00:43:14.304 and Midway Geyser Basin that NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 3b8b708f-ab61-435e-b8a1-7d6cf8b56fdd 00:43:14.304 --> 00:43:15.800 colorful feature right there NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 ce727ed1-096c-45bb-9d3a-eab8d27cc78d 00:43:15.800 --> 00:43:17.296 is Grand Prismatic Spring. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 28f46871-90c8-4898-94b4-cb8394bd994f 00:43:17.300 --> 00:43:18.987 And if we look at the thermal NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 fac4ff8b-a797-4019-8c01-6ca8bd5f21c2 00:43:18.987 --> 00:43:20.010 satellite image for that, NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 60d79e00-4c6c-4ebc-8cf4-6c7f53b4f309 00:43:20.010 --> 00:43:22.208 we can see grand prismatic very warm. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 3370ed3d-54d2-4b25-b710-bd369b5a8768 00:43:22.210 --> 00:43:23.827 Lots of these areas are quite warm. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 1e6a14f5-0428-4b88-8a8f-dd2b32c78b25 00:43:23.830 --> 00:43:25.756 The river is warm from all NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 15b86caf-3f72-4d86-a2f1-ebba7e189bc1 00:43:25.756 --> 00:43:27.040 of the thermal input. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 27b0772c-1f66-466e-bf90-84f3a62e8318 00:43:27.040 --> 00:43:29.848 This is Brimstone base and brimstone is on NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 9af9d6d4-bf71-41f0-ad35-1b22652a3332 00:43:29.848 --> 00:43:32.188 the southeast side of Yellowstone Lake. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 ba08e106-8504-4311-ab67-b721d3cd7db0 00:43:32.190 --> 00:43:34.122 If we look at the thermal NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 a50dbbb7-27ca-4b00-addd-cb7effc6dc5b 00:43:34.122 --> 00:43:35.410 map for Brimstone Basin. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 4fffc77b-b0be-4e1a-8f81-de65d481e302 00:43:35.410 --> 00:43:36.751 It's actually cold. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 d3d73488-b4cd-45a7-8ae5-76ed33d62012 00:43:36.751 --> 00:43:38.986 It's colder within the thermal NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 b5f299eb-e549-46cb-99bb-9180024df242 00:43:38.986 --> 00:43:41.399 base and then it is outside. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 3fc282a5-13c7-4530-a27d-c094fa310a62 00:43:41.400 --> 00:43:43.428 Thermal areas don't just heat up, NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 37e67ee6-47b2-4471-9bec-ef457e119496 00:43:43.430 --> 00:43:45.437 they cool down to they come and they go. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 12957960-725d-4a8c-9355-99a13854ea93 00:43:45.440 --> 00:43:47.258 That's what I mean by dynamic. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 a7b68e0a-c89b-4ecb-af3e-72b07dc36521 00:43:47.260 --> 00:43:49.878 The same is true of geyser activity, NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 b184306c-47a5-43b1-96c7-bf66600d7a0a 00:43:49.880 --> 00:43:52.190 so of course you almost Steamboat Geyser. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 d2f3cc6c-e46b-4323-bae8-9a92b90e666a 00:43:52.190 --> 00:43:54.085 I'm sure it's been erupting NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 db843c34-950d-4045-b381-5041aacf6644 00:43:54.085 --> 00:43:56.440 prodigiously over the last few years. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 10604cd2-d908-497f-b7c0-45a37b2b9dd7 00:43:56.440 --> 00:43:59.008 Here's a video taken by my colleague Jamie NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 814de66a-783d-4f36-a402-62a6450e84cb 00:43:59.008 --> 00:44:01.059 Farrell from the University of Utah. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 a233b35d-4651-4b69-b871-9ffd55719972 00:44:01.060 --> 00:44:02.608 Steamboat is located right in here, NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 5151c3d5-be58-4667-a874-a6619a5e2688 00:44:02.610 --> 00:44:04.680 and you can see it's it's NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 38c81996-0ccf-4e45-b59e-1164e8ee7f77 00:44:04.680 --> 00:44:07.158 actually coded a lot of the trees NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 e8a9f602-6056-4423-87b5-06c47a117733 00:44:07.158 --> 00:44:09.204 in the area with silica mud. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 fedd72d3-e610-4c3d-9289-cdf0af57974b 00:44:09.210 --> 00:44:11.280 These features start up and stop. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 5a0c84be-bc95-4b1c-a171-bf04ba796338 00:44:11.280 --> 00:44:13.416 This is how they work during the time NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 6cc2fa1c-c938-4604-8446-11f3468f7f72 00:44:13.416 --> 00:44:14.979 that Steamboat became very active. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 912f5ef9-487b-4289-a630-d3c92407cbff 00:44:14.980 --> 00:44:16.800 Giant Geyser nearing Old Faithful NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 97cce874-ac9a-42aa-ae2f-bf8ec89dff5b 00:44:16.800 --> 00:44:18.620 actually mostly turned off Giantess NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 1b7c0e32-234f-4c19-a6b0-cadebdde3eca 00:44:18.676 --> 00:44:19.984 Geyser hasn't been particularly NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 afe5402a-2961-4a89-a592-b11f75d90ba5 00:44:19.984 --> 00:44:21.946 active for the last ten years. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 fb5e9185-96b8-4cdc-91fe-66d71d7c880d 00:44:21.950 --> 00:44:24.386 After over 100 years of being pretty NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 f7692f55-51e3-4943-9595-4c8672f82868 00:44:24.386 --> 00:44:26.859 active erupting a few times every year. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 aabf56e2-69d4-4fd8-90cc-0e7673a95a70 00:44:26.860 --> 00:44:28.822 This is that dynamic nature of NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 0e443520-9d74-48bb-8be8-bb185273faf1 00:44:28.822 --> 00:44:30.460 Yellowstone geysers start and stop. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 91f6f0a8-29bf-43b2-b6a9-bc7a48ef4342 00:44:30.460 --> 00:44:32.080 Thermal areas come and go. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 bde89303-e5b6-4e52-a761-645793603d26 00:44:32.080 --> 00:44:34.056 That's Yellowstone, being Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 0705bd8b-d596-4414-8fd2-d31ebb1efbe6 00:44:34.056 --> 00:44:36.526 And finally our last misconception. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 9f6cdaa3-6ec9-4c4c-8df1-a2a323d8f83a 00:44:36.530 --> 00:44:37.474 Yellowstone could erupt tomorrow. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 682c934c-fcb0-4bcd-9f2d-b9a90b5e8aa3 00:44:37.474 --> 00:44:39.280 A lot of people like telling you this. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 e9954e9c-75fd-4f76-bd4d-6dabebf9c8fd 00:44:39.280 --> 00:44:40.920 Well you don't know Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 edda6f3d-ae71-4451-a8b5-5a3c3fb66612 00:44:40.920 --> 00:44:41.904 could hurt tomorrow. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 25a52b19-434b-422f-a992-f5481759272e 00:44:41.910 --> 00:44:44.260 Yellowstone will not erupt tomorrow. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 7853eca0-7a80-433d-aadb-a1e494f9ed6e 00:44:44.260 --> 00:44:46.528 We know this because we monitor NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 f92f1f26-386a-4039-801b-1fbd1cbcd25b 00:44:46.528 --> 00:44:48.418 yells are very, very careful. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 c8eefe44-d2fa-4665-a0ab-cdf301cdd345 00:44:48.418 --> 00:44:51.410 Yellowstone is one of the most best active, NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 8e728f94-64e8-42f7-824e-1e8553e1cb2a 00:44:51.410 --> 00:44:53.538 best monitored areas in terms of seismicity, NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 f8ca25e5-d6f5-4927-b954-201e4b1ffec2 00:44:53.540 --> 00:44:55.580 there's over 46 seismic stations NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 96514e03-5c14-460a-a557-d225a6dfd5d8 00:44:55.580 --> 00:44:56.804 in the region. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 50b9f436-d92e-4b80-83b5-5cbd892f6e4c 00:44:56.810 --> 00:44:58.262 This is Bob Smith from the NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 2944b33e-99f5-4a0b-a29f-6764f89a7402 00:44:58.262 --> 00:44:58.988 University of Utah. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 011d00e1-7a18-4f85-9fb6-4b73402a9ff3 00:44:58.990 --> 00:45:00.781 One of the the folks it really is spent NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 bbf75016-3283-4c57-b60e-dddb4ca1a686 00:45:00.781 --> 00:45:02.677 a whole career studying Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 1d71f918-cc27-418f-b3a3-8e3da532e90d 00:45:02.680 --> 00:45:04.366 Looking at one of those seismometers NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 a9ec3010-4212-49f8-af17-4830df35ec4b 00:45:04.366 --> 00:45:05.490 were able to locate. NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 75dc8981-7f12-4116-a25f-5938f57f409f 00:45:05.490 --> 00:45:06.852 In some places, NOTE Confidence: 0.798686975 6fd28e64-dbe6-497f-b528-b89b7c904d18 00:45:06.852 --> 00:45:08.668 earthquakes with negative magnitudes. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 6ed1dce6-abdc-4b3d-b2ba-8a9f1ac104f4 00:45:08.670 --> 00:45:10.365 Negative just means it's so NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 e096ece2-8728-4602-aa86-3b2c2bd0f935 00:45:10.365 --> 00:45:12.260 small that it goes below 0. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 421a87dd-d31e-477d-92fd-f66fbbfda8ef 00:45:12.260 --> 00:45:13.688 On the arbitrary scale NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 2212b9f0-6f50-4ccb-8a5f-e08b92dcfcdf 00:45:13.688 --> 00:45:15.116 that's been been defined, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 f72baf5d-307d-4948-a585-c8bc332cd78f 00:45:15.120 --> 00:45:16.821 so we can look at extremely small NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 caae3a96-af7a-4140-8025-4957e0c78dc9 00:45:16.821 --> 00:45:18.489 earthquakes in the Yellowstone region. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 bad403f7-a547-4d2e-a6e5-c5574663d10a 00:45:18.490 --> 00:45:20.940 If Yellowstone were to become much more NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 5ef5a669-f95f-410a-a699-74f2020ee2dd 00:45:20.940 --> 00:45:22.914 active, this is the kind of thing we NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 4b47eb9a-83df-43d7-8ad2-0e611eff89d5 00:45:22.914 --> 00:45:24.800 would see with this seismic network. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 49e17279-9c03-45cb-bc02-193a143c073c 00:45:24.800 --> 00:45:26.270 There are also dozens of NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 b3fa940d-3143-494a-8a3d-160714494466 00:45:26.270 --> 00:45:27.740 GPS stations in the region. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 aa0613a0-76f4-4622-81dd-a728428a1e57 00:45:27.740 --> 00:45:29.476 I showed you some data from that earlier. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 c53b2f71-4e75-4219-b5ae-f26e7e48295e 00:45:29.480 --> 00:45:30.500 It looks something like this. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 2c03483d-672a-4973-8083-b9178a5a2f88 00:45:30.500 --> 00:45:31.768 There's the GPS antenna, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 c1e1980b-c34e-41ad-a924-2cbe52ef909b 00:45:31.768 --> 00:45:33.353 it's cemented to the ground. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 d34cf208-9a84-4efe-ad9f-6098504d7e85 00:45:33.360 --> 00:45:36.237 It's got power and telemetry over here. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 58acdc79-5e6e-48d5-9138-e3b39ab8f918 00:45:36.240 --> 00:45:38.176 We've got some in red that are deployed NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 dde4db0b-d0b7-4bbf-85b9-853c1744f990 00:45:38.176 --> 00:45:39.899 for six months out of the year, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 317fdd62-8893-455b-bc93-91280731eb43 00:45:39.900 --> 00:45:41.748 and then the green ones are there NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 abc0cc1b-33d7-4f3b-ba83-b78343367751 00:45:41.748 --> 00:45:44.161 year round and there's dozens of these NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 f406fb41-df57-4a11-b7db-9b647f00daa1 00:45:44.161 --> 00:45:46.116 always reporting their information back. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 91efc5a2-96bf-44dc-992b-0abd27ecda72 00:45:46.120 --> 00:45:47.904 We can see the ground rise and fall NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 0e35e294-d61f-49af-a3a7-cca77950f7e7 00:45:47.904 --> 00:45:49.378 if something were really going on, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 061e080d-e3ca-47ee-8257-9dc90d794197 00:45:49.380 --> 00:45:51.192 we would expect to see some NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 f9712842-648a-41de-9e35-bdaa6826be66 00:45:51.192 --> 00:45:51.796 extreme deformation, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 9b98b042-318e-4193-aaa9-df316dd88d3a 00:45:51.800 --> 00:45:53.739 and that would be something that would NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 4d0a2d4a-b712-4106-b973-cf3f4c1d12c6 00:45:53.739 --> 00:45:55.828 be picked up by these GPS stations. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 9552d0cd-d5de-4c56-9dfa-ae9221cd8096 00:45:55.830 --> 00:45:57.980 We also know that these NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 f6a464df-4137-415f-872b-84655a697cfb 00:45:57.980 --> 00:45:58.840 Yellowstone eruptions, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 5fa5cbc4-fdaa-4f2f-80ce-bf350e59218d 00:45:58.840 --> 00:45:59.522 lava flows, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 d5a4b7c8-5d33-44c8-a9c0-233a359b1783 00:45:59.522 --> 00:46:01.227 and explosions are usually preceded NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 d70c0e36-3c88-425a-9ee4-1c56b8913b23 00:46:01.227 --> 00:46:03.467 by changes in the magnet system and NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 902fee3a-2e8d-49bb-80b6-d8cc169f8e8c 00:46:03.467 --> 00:46:05.572 this is work from Christy till at NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 7a708d7f-4da5-4a72-a774-eee04a28b859 00:46:05.572 --> 00:46:07.082 Arizona State University and she NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 fbd28441-325f-46ac-8ac2-fb0edbc6a235 00:46:07.082 --> 00:46:09.085 is here looking at a lava flow. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 8c279d86-87da-4781-b0f1-96ac4ba85960 00:46:09.085 --> 00:46:11.254 And when she digs out the crystals that NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 4efcd9b6-afc4-4595-bbae-b0ddc8651f24 00:46:11.254 --> 00:46:13.310 are in the lava flows and the ashes, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 f7f40481-3e84-4d67-ae27-6aaf97eeda6c 00:46:13.310 --> 00:46:14.486 she can see how there's zone. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 6fb1cf4d-3ae4-4220-9b22-39a5d3608931 00:46:14.490 --> 00:46:15.150 You see, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 b27b97ef-ca36-4b64-b98c-a5dcb7c10266 00:46:15.150 --> 00:46:17.130 it's got these these concentric zones. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 d47b5faf-93fd-4af4-8629-26ea1ee101f8 00:46:17.130 --> 00:46:18.735 That's evidence that there is NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 2f86b945-8abb-4394-8bf1-220872779aa2 00:46:18.735 --> 00:46:20.790 material that comes into the system. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 c84ec6be-6cf4-462e-a975-d94875cca3e3 00:46:20.790 --> 00:46:21.882 Sort of rejuvenate sit, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 b5d2d614-59d2-4988-861a-45b7cd1b8c69 00:46:21.882 --> 00:46:24.025 so this kind of activity would be stick NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 e70f12e7-0639-4235-a3b2-0e3c314658e4 00:46:24.025 --> 00:46:25.809 out like a sore thumb we would see. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 03f2da30-2850-430c-960c-fa06bd0d8bcc 00:46:25.810 --> 00:46:27.826 A really amazing level of seismicity, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 c04b85ef-2b94-4b6c-8d97-5c3706d20428 00:46:27.830 --> 00:46:28.484 ground uplift, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 d2f239d9-7b9c-4f7e-905f-bc0743a7ad5d 00:46:28.484 --> 00:46:29.792 really different than what NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 2eab3273-48e8-4fbd-91b0-26822a08371a 00:46:29.792 --> 00:46:31.440 we've seen in the past. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 cf516d21-cebb-4c91-9ac6-2387ff6959a3 00:46:31.440 --> 00:46:33.588 Changes in thermal emissions and activity NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 559d7a55-5c13-4999-b44e-2990ec839720 00:46:33.588 --> 00:46:35.560 that's happening all over the park. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 2f502243-50a3-4388-b483-0f00aa465faa 00:46:35.560 --> 00:46:36.994 These are the kinds of things NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 f73d907e-143a-4a6b-8f4d-9d9c2665a6c8 00:46:36.994 --> 00:46:38.884 we would expect to see as this NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 7dffd1ec-c076-4da8-9a1f-804d3d94dab3 00:46:38.884 --> 00:46:40.060 cooling magma body rejuvenates NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 a309a2e2-c17d-4a43-a26c-e085ec2177b9 00:46:40.060 --> 00:46:41.839 itself and there would be decades, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 65a402df-d508-483f-ba5f-d2a97bf06e81 00:46:41.840 --> 00:46:42.695 centuries, perhaps millennia, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 f408abb1-6331-4dd9-923f-e8f3a4b735cf 00:46:42.695 --> 00:46:44.120 of warning prior to this NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 03c561dd-a0a5-4ba5-99b9-bdd315cb1acd 00:46:44.120 --> 00:46:45.479 sort of thing happening. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 d36c27ad-3c3b-46b2-ba44-41dbf36148bc 00:46:45.480 --> 00:46:47.496 So before magma can get to the service, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 e6f14a2c-7094-4dbe-90a4-de19b742ce25 00:46:47.500 --> 00:46:48.958 a lot has got to happen, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 7e9ab141-5267-4d65-b3c4-39e639b6e229 00:46:48.960 --> 00:46:50.840 and we're very well tuned to see that NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 11120007-7ce7-41db-8303-6965617bf7cc 00:46:50.840 --> 00:46:52.649 it's not going to happen tomorrow. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 24f27b04-a9e2-41f4-b61e-ea449639b1aa 00:46:52.650 --> 00:46:54.380 There's no evidence that it's NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 b322328d-8579-4ca0-9176-8cfc751a9f8b 00:46:54.380 --> 00:46:55.764 going to happen along. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 19fdca99-4026-492f-88ee-4b549554163b 00:46:55.770 --> 00:46:57.570 So those are our misconceptions. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 0176b378-745e-4522-9959-2b15c44eaf66 00:46:57.570 --> 00:46:58.618 Hopefully I've convinced you NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 c4045b6b-555f-4dd0-978e-e8b50ccbd25e 00:46:58.618 --> 00:47:00.670 not to use the S word anymore. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 05b415f0-ced2-4738-b9a0-2c6a08b863c0 00:47:00.670 --> 00:47:02.086 Yeah, so it's not over do the math, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 1a749a70-be2e-4718-8cfc-95673c8292ad 00:47:02.090 --> 00:47:04.150 doesn't workout and that's not NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 873f82b7-3465-4763-b789-0ef640f4233f 00:47:04.150 --> 00:47:05.798 the way volcanoes work. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 67cf4bdf-0cb2-4cc1-bff0-4624912b9f86 00:47:05.800 --> 00:47:07.459 I wouldn't want to have to live NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 ec3b6493-247e-420d-9ebf-1eaf6a9f3c2b 00:47:07.459 --> 00:47:09.380 through a big Yellowstone or any NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 c282b1fe-b10b-4e90-a794-29758a0a977f 00:47:09.380 --> 00:47:10.916 other caldeiras system eruption, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 7313f3f7-522c-42de-b8ac-24a381ee2c64 00:47:10.920 --> 00:47:13.608 but we would as as a species NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 37b0ab6e-86a6-4f54-8b62-b3a33559b5f3 00:47:13.608 --> 00:47:14.760 lived through it. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 f6a9876b-b622-4605-b4ef-f5fb95eb1f4b 00:47:14.760 --> 00:47:16.080 Indigenous people were not NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 406e2e77-1b14-42ff-b012-9167861fb0f7 00:47:16.080 --> 00:47:17.070 afraid of Yellowstone, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 e605867c-4617-4ee6-84d9-7efa7672dcef 00:47:17.070 --> 00:47:18.570 they've been there for 11,000 NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 4ec8d460-6471-4f7e-8088-8ab3f19b8ca2 00:47:18.570 --> 00:47:20.692 years at least and made huge use NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 8a9bb478-a228-4095-b516-5452c0b91fb9 00:47:20.692 --> 00:47:22.390 of the resources in the region. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 41ce22b3-fa83-4787-a9f1-cda7affb9887 00:47:22.390 --> 00:47:24.540 Some Yellowstone geysers are acidic, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 f4fd9b85-7f26-4653-b62c-963817cca629 00:47:24.540 --> 00:47:25.014 but not all. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 0f4e7889-7b15-4a6f-a0d2-5d6e278d2361 00:47:25.014 --> 00:47:25.330 In fact, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 21d2b5dd-d7f0-4958-a140-246ec62fd3c4 00:47:25.330 --> 00:47:27.646 the most iconic features are actually NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 fc51994b-0b50-43c0-aa44-56239dc15c18 00:47:27.646 --> 00:47:29.406 neutral to basic Yellowstone breathes, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 2004b90f-c5dc-41aa-8678-0bb5ff7dcf5d 00:47:29.406 --> 00:47:30.896 it goes up and down. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 d6c3b408-01c1-4335-a667-9dc28d78190d 00:47:30.900 --> 00:47:32.604 It's not always uplifting, NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 3fc626f0-1fea-49ad-9888-bf7a29dd0414 00:47:32.604 --> 00:47:33.882 and Yellowstone earthquakes NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 630e7414-25b6-4c9f-9a00-7241885995a5 00:47:33.882 --> 00:47:35.809 are largely driven by motion. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 6a3226fd-a075-4089-b2fe-3fe62b259b2f 00:47:35.810 --> 00:47:38.222 Long existing tectonic faults with an NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 c8afd367-7ba3-4a3e-bb9c-19a160981da0 00:47:38.222 --> 00:47:40.870 assist from all that water beneath. NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 6ccffb9e-1157-41b2-814e-364502085a55 00:47:40.870 --> 00:47:42.496 An earthquake is not going to NOTE Confidence: 0.854153250909091 b0f87822-591a-4888-b78c-b595aad924c1 00:47:42.496 --> 00:47:43.580 trigger a Yellowstone eruption. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 ec141c3c-cbba-4548-b64c-c4201037bc2c 00:47:43.580 --> 00:47:45.296 There have been thousands of strong NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 ca0d6faa-98bc-42df-9d33-d0ef2eb5286b 00:47:45.296 --> 00:47:46.580 earthquakes in the Western U. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 5abe468a-1334-41dc-bc27-dd8cebe75cdb 00:47:46.580 --> 00:47:47.940 S. Yellowstone has been NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 5ed6da22-28d4-461a-8bf2-34a4f3a50d5c 00:47:47.940 --> 00:47:49.640 quiet through all of them. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 361f7eeb-ba52-4e6d-8cae-fe5ad5758a75 00:47:49.640 --> 00:47:50.760 He also isn't heating up. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 4923fe3b-ed8e-4b8f-9410-6dfd9ac17571 00:47:50.760 --> 00:47:53.120 It's dynamic, it's always changing. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 d60c851e-9aa0-4428-8c04-e9798edeeb98 00:47:53.120 --> 00:47:54.473 And no, sorry, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 f4c935cc-3bfc-4d21-a22c-3a4ce9f6d93e 00:47:54.473 --> 00:47:57.630 Yellowstone is not going to work tomorrow. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 9e56a8e6-1cf4-4c33-a3e4-6e283784e292 00:47:57.630 --> 00:47:58.920 We love talking about Yellowstone, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 5f476ba8-f053-4783-a15c-3031dde9c63a 00:47:58.920 --> 00:48:00.425 so if you'd like to learn a NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 0af220d1-d796-4310-a3d7-147bec62f8c6 00:48:00.425 --> 00:48:01.690 bit more about the system, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 e1010616-3962-44b1-941c-969948b8485f 00:48:01.690 --> 00:48:03.210 about some of the activity that's going on, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 a1629aaf-07b6-4dd0-ac28-ba5c295aff25 00:48:03.210 --> 00:48:04.169 we've got a couple of ways that NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 6747ffb4-a96a-4f97-9be2-f50349907e64 00:48:04.169 --> 00:48:05.130 you could get more information. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 6e7ea7cc-926f-4f09-a027-9f59ad77f372 00:48:05.130 --> 00:48:07.195 We do monthly video updates of activities. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 bea3f442-128d-4c29-9c0b-e7ece3deb642 00:48:07.200 --> 00:48:08.505 Sometimes we're able to do NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 0ae1b2b3-d98b-4008-b404-0b3e949f8ef4 00:48:08.505 --> 00:48:09.810 them on site in Yellowstone, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 02a13098-10fe-4c9a-8b9a-d0d43bca668e 00:48:09.810 --> 00:48:11.990 and you can find those on the Y via web NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 10f97986-196c-4248-83f9-9ad01b1d65fd 00:48:12.047 --> 00:48:14.056 page or on the USGS YouTube channel. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 cc957a5d-66a3-4f9a-876b-040983fbef88 00:48:14.060 --> 00:48:15.772 We've got USGS volcanoes, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 c7b4ceba-0d67-44e7-8ddd-f4414806fd6f 00:48:15.772 --> 00:48:17.056 Twitter Facebook, and Instagram. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 b9de21b0-d42c-40b4-9fb9-c7c25dd224a4 00:48:17.056 --> 00:48:19.603 We try to put out a lot of information about NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 991936b8-0d2f-4811-a2dd-5c9b20f1a4ba 00:48:19.603 --> 00:48:21.949 Yellowstone and answer questions that way. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 f47f2d51-a462-44e7-a6b6-9551c194087d 00:48:21.950 --> 00:48:23.970 We even do annual reports. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 1f7d01d2-00ac-4688-a0be-20ea8deb4b3b 00:48:23.970 --> 00:48:25.734 This is from the 2020 annual report. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 232d309f-10f9-4378-b2e0-9eaf2017783d 00:48:25.740 --> 00:48:26.988 We try to get the annual NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 e73ef0f7-831f-4e8b-b8c1-83a621a95444 00:48:26.988 --> 00:48:28.379 reports out within a few months. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 1e96dddd-67a0-4de7-946a-679c2a994001 00:48:28.380 --> 00:48:30.340 Of the the preceding year, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 a76609fc-9ef8-4727-b8f6-91965e761fce 00:48:30.340 --> 00:48:31.544 so of course we're going to be NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 1e000d1d-fd3d-46af-8f97-db81f1b2d06d 00:48:31.544 --> 00:48:32.834 working on the 2021 report two, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 e6ba267b-01e2-434d-b14b-791abe23b328 00:48:32.834 --> 00:48:34.640 and we do a weekly article that NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 f85f2c3e-9344-49e5-8f80-70deecc57d52 00:48:34.695 --> 00:48:36.200 we call Cold Air Chronicles, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 a8c50ed6-1930-497b-a24a-e1ed6a407e7a 00:48:36.200 --> 00:48:38.328 where we talk about some aspect of NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 31957370-00fa-4078-8c32-a8eb36413887 00:48:38.328 --> 00:48:39.720 Yellowstone geology or history, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 cb4bc117-e9e6-4866-8b33-5bb727466891 00:48:39.720 --> 00:48:40.707 or recent research. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 53adba85-f2f0-4e38-8e2f-579e9e03f08d 00:48:40.707 --> 00:48:43.010 You can find that on our social NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 e359bb97-e2f5-4819-b536-35659dc06ab2 00:48:43.081 --> 00:48:45.019 media feeds or on our website. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 6426a987-5a00-43cf-b6e4-7d866c93cdae 00:48:45.020 --> 00:48:47.595 It's even reprinted in some NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 523d5e51-6104-4554-8446-bb78528a3aab 00:48:47.595 --> 00:48:49.140 local local newspapers. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 6adf1df7-4a31-4a9a-9db2-419deed256f1 00:48:49.140 --> 00:48:50.676 And then finally you can always email us. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 826b268c-c3b9-41ee-b5af-dc0a4be09362 00:48:50.680 --> 00:48:52.456 We're always happy to talk Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 671d2c4f-255e-402a-b39c-cbd2bda3420f 00:48:52.460 --> 00:48:53.468 We we love it. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 d26b54ea-3e36-4f56-aa8c-9cc97e3dbb81 00:48:53.468 --> 00:48:54.728 So if you have questions, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 df33e1af-babd-4aba-8427-088c8c7c2f3c 00:48:54.730 --> 00:48:55.996 you can always drop us life. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 504be100-c434-43af-a6b9-c9b75919dbce 00:48:56.000 --> 00:48:57.040 You heard something you're not NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 6d60875b-40bd-4346-9923-ec615242c678 00:48:57.040 --> 00:48:58.420 sure about if you'd like to just. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 a670cad4-1543-4da1-a99c-c87012c47899 00:48:58.420 --> 00:48:59.352 Chat about this place. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 8badc654-67b2-4c09-98da-15da63506fc1 00:48:59.352 --> 00:49:00.750 We'd love to hear from it. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 3aeb2a54-f005-4e19-bd7d-b9c9eb440ee9 00:49:00.750 --> 00:49:02.910 So with that I guess I'll throw it NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 569e7517-d721-4c67-8b8a-0200d89b3156 00:49:02.910 --> 00:49:05.485 back to Amelia and I want to thank NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 665ae839-997d-45e5-95c9-3a07e1dec7c9 00:49:05.485 --> 00:49:08.118 everybody for taking the time to spend NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 a09d9634-eaf5-4701-b91a-2a6e0f42c545 00:49:08.118 --> 00:49:10.208 the evening talking about Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 e1d2f209-db02-478f-bf0c-d8fe4183ea2e 00:49:10.210 --> 00:49:11.786 That was absolutely excellent, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 50560b8c-c9dd-4707-a88e-7798cc03d6be 00:49:11.786 --> 00:49:12.180 Mike. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 fbf66ebb-7212-4d27-a676-fbb88a438975 00:49:12.180 --> 00:49:13.710 Thank you so much for your NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 89aa3199-6be8-4fdb-9747-ff7e8c6daafb 00:49:13.710 --> 00:49:15.080 talk today and you know, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 7c60cd22-9b65-443e-9e90-cb783583d3ad 00:49:15.080 --> 00:49:18.076 I think we learned a lot tonight. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 4e377288-b368-4c8a-8bb5-a979141d28d2 00:49:18.080 --> 00:49:20.528 But you covered this. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 fb0e142d-354b-454c-96d9-09f2beb90192 00:49:20.528 --> 00:49:21.242 Is absolutely fantastic. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 d602715c-a526-4d19-b20f-ef03784d5bf8 00:49:21.242 --> 00:49:23.181 Now I want to go ahead and remind NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 11ca58f3-c7e9-41e7-a377-85175645fe68 00:49:23.181 --> 00:49:24.579 everyone we're going to go ahead NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 7574584e-0d3e-4166-b212-073fbb3fb471 00:49:24.579 --> 00:49:26.385 and open it up to the question and NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 59c5ebef-674a-4f23-89ad-99e78b174739 00:49:26.385 --> 00:49:27.944 answer portion of this lecture and NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 6afc7aa6-86de-41e6-ae95-d8ac43d38167 00:49:27.944 --> 00:49:30.026 we have been monitoring what's been NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 74135ea8-86dc-444b-b0ca-b903edc48c32 00:49:30.026 --> 00:49:32.125 coming through so far and I will go NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 6b705191-57cc-4258-b90d-7a079457b471 00:49:32.125 --> 00:49:33.919 ahead and ask those first out loud, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 8d72cd52-0650-41e6-8db0-382c66d7ddea 00:49:33.920 --> 00:49:36.304 but just a quick reminder if NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 a5e2bacd-9576-43bb-9333-a0900be5ece2 00:49:36.304 --> 00:49:37.468 you'd like to submit a question, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 b9afc29c-792e-4049-bd02-95e8b1c67a06 00:49:37.470 --> 00:49:39.801 just click on the Q&A chat window NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 02fa7c13-227c-4a28-b518-3826b177a444 00:49:39.801 --> 00:49:42.530 on the upper right hand corner of NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 6f5392e3-fbdf-4897-adea-9be098bc059f 00:49:42.530 --> 00:49:45.008 the screen and submit your question. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 48c19eec-efe9-40df-9fb3-409502d06494 00:49:45.010 --> 00:49:45.732 So Mike, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 422ae989-b153-49fb-b1d8-639439e580dc 00:49:45.732 --> 00:49:48.828 here is your first question of the day. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 b74d0181-3f39-48b2-a47a-eb85da032265 00:49:48.828 --> 00:49:50.532 Here we go. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 73ab2b96-e60f-4647-a747-841431eec4b1 00:49:50.532 --> 00:49:53.940 This first one was asked Uhm, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 4297d597-d5c3-4976-a80b-d7f2a4ab1d1e 00:49:53.940 --> 00:49:57.468 how does Yellowstone compared to Krakatoa? NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 350cc53c-963a-49f8-b35d-7ee83befde1f 00:49:57.470 --> 00:50:00.005 Ah, good question. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 80fedf64-6788-40fe-aba3-348f9371a21b 00:50:00.005 --> 00:50:03.585 So Krakatau is a stratovolcano system NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 73483f7e-6e79-4027-983d-d13a00622b7a 00:50:03.585 --> 00:50:07.529 that collapse a bit like Crater Lake, NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 d2892517-8e5c-4375-b421-4fc8602742fd 00:50:07.530 --> 00:50:09.738 so not necessarily a caldera system NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 a96469f2-7fb0-4671-afd3-9b3904cd7a6e 00:50:09.738 --> 00:50:12.176 like Tova or Taupo in New Zealand NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 d109dfe0-f0cd-4505-ab65-f3ce5a280416 00:50:12.176 --> 00:50:14.514 or can't be for Gray and and but it. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 2910e618-0934-4f57-afcd-f27751c08ddc 00:50:14.514 --> 00:50:16.270 But it had that sort of rupture. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 e4f59ccb-e69f-45ac-91db-6bf09317bcf6 00:50:16.270 --> 00:50:18.286 It erupted so much material that it NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 5046a2d7-3818-4663-a2bd-aff91e0dcde1 00:50:18.286 --> 00:50:20.267 could sort of fell in on itself. NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 5f00b95c-0b18-4267-8f3c-b6d7ca48a7c2 00:50:20.270 --> 00:50:22.304 Yellowstone is way bigger by one NOTE Confidence: 0.910974698181818 529b5fb3-a497-4076-acc0-71a53967a81c 00:50:22.304 --> 00:50:23.660 or two orders of NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 0e550c6c-aad8-483d-bc30-0d57357a992b 00:50:23.731 --> 00:50:25.527 magnitude that Krakatau big NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 dd38e40e-8067-4702-82d8-50b15c42efd0 00:50:25.527 --> 00:50:28.740 eruption in 1883 was a huge one. NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 7558a8db-7331-4d4d-8343-e6d0b281191b 00:50:28.740 --> 00:50:31.316 Uh, but still quite a bit smaller than NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 ecf4c6ad-b677-4af6-abd6-3f662a93b2f2 00:50:31.316 --> 00:50:33.074 Yellowstone, so different scales, NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 78e81e2f-b33d-495f-8210-091e5a9a0d0e 00:50:33.074 --> 00:50:36.420 but I think that particular option at NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 0b1cffaf-7e78-434c-8653-4334804e5a96 00:50:36.420 --> 00:50:38.238 1883 eruption illustrates some of the NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 b50250e7-de70-4b28-9cfe-0a519a67a667 00:50:38.238 --> 00:50:40.058 challenges that we face in volcanology NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 47950235-cdc6-4fd3-be2a-d1d648e298a6 00:50:40.058 --> 00:50:42.004 that size of eruption is much more NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 af5e0956-a2dc-4e15-b0b2-19125a77779e 00:50:42.004 --> 00:50:43.913 likely to happen in our lifetimes than NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 1618c27e-1875-458c-a0b0-d42c6e87374a 00:50:43.913 --> 00:50:45.234 something the size of Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 495f3e01-d4dc-4419-b9ce-c7b8a8d57079 00:50:45.234 --> 00:50:47.610 And so in some ways we think when we NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 66194ee5-f845-4c07-ba49-c294a6282eb6 00:50:47.671 --> 00:50:49.341 think about volcanic activity and NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 e159d8ba-b11c-438b-8151-f0520d11d677 00:50:49.341 --> 00:50:51.290 what what the hazardous ones are. NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 5f788c2c-f8f7-48a2-a28b-8decccc0b303 00:50:51.290 --> 00:50:53.900 Sometimes people tend to skip over NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 36fc71f6-a127-4733-9b42-da6a2e227c0d 00:50:53.900 --> 00:50:56.027 those intermediate sized ones like NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 21e01d8b-47d1-436a-9041-492df398435b 00:50:56.027 --> 00:50:58.225 Krakatau or or Tam Bora in 1815. NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 543cadf8-7486-4b78-9f5b-4fb7b7f6e106 00:50:58.230 --> 00:51:00.204 And they go from something that's NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 fcb12a7b-81d0-41e8-88a1-69efd1b7b836 00:51:00.204 --> 00:51:01.730 mounting Helens eyes straight to. NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 761e8bf9-77ef-48f1-9704-05063c71d636 00:51:01.730 --> 00:51:02.910 Yellowstone size would help. NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 d0a78c64-463f-4d00-9ef3-4afcc9cc7ca2 00:51:02.910 --> 00:51:04.680 Both sides are to be size, NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 a975c3d2-5fea-46cb-91e9-cb1e995cacfb 00:51:04.680 --> 00:51:07.662 but the ones that you're skipping NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 4c017f01-a317-4c44-aeed-e9700e061c8b 00:51:07.662 --> 00:51:09.153 over Pinatubo Novarupta. NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 60825ae8-3557-41ec-9da2-c3a3506dcbcd 00:51:09.160 --> 00:51:10.364 Those are the ones that are more NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 6b1566ed-8ec9-443d-8f0d-2adb798bc814 00:51:10.364 --> 00:51:11.619 likely to happen on human timescales, NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 b9e5914f-2298-4404-947a-9e1f55c22eec 00:51:11.620 --> 00:51:12.550 and they could be regionally, NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 18d6bc25-1225-4c1c-ae2a-1ab4f8fc4766 00:51:12.550 --> 00:51:13.708 really really devastating. NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 0fe6b9ec-2ac6-43fc-a82d-79195db5ac94 00:51:13.708 --> 00:51:16.024 So Krakatau was a huge eruption. NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 c7244482-fa68-4fc4-802d-9e41a43008ae 00:51:16.030 --> 00:51:17.986 It's still quite a bit smaller NOTE Confidence: 0.815463615625 81ae59f9-b5bc-4254-ab70-1f49d49ea651 00:51:17.986 --> 00:51:18.638 than Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 4cb939cd-0de4-4018-bfff-ee701abda548 00:51:21.820 --> 00:51:24.502 Awesome. Alright, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 cefc50e7-7a14-41ff-b299-57abfad07093 00:51:24.502 --> 00:51:27.746 the next question is what happens NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 94141539-3db7-404c-ac53-e409087da1a6 00:51:27.746 --> 00:51:30.614 to the West of Mcdermitt caldera? NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 688e2cb7-540f-4afb-9687-18855ca0934c 00:51:30.620 --> 00:51:34.160 Are there other call Darius buried? NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 1121279e-0211-45d9-81e6-0a6eab5badcc 00:51:34.160 --> 00:51:35.668 By more recent deposits? NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 d87ba302-b46b-4b75-b924-daf8164724e5 00:51:35.668 --> 00:51:38.863 Or did the mantle plume come into existence NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 df265022-7738-42a0-b6c1-b34c3bcbf6f2 00:51:38.863 --> 00:51:41.425 starting at 16 million years ago? NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 67e22ee6-00e0-4352-9d1a-5d88d3942f72 00:51:41.430 --> 00:51:44.286 I love this question, so the question is, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 f98d576b-db29-4093-87aa-8423b3d43e1e 00:51:44.290 --> 00:51:46.831 is referring to me see if I NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 ad507ba2-ce9a-432d-9649-7bb60f84f3d2 00:51:46.831 --> 00:51:49.716 can jump back to that map? NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 cbf5e2f2-71c6-4bd9-8b9a-23d5b69df487 00:51:49.716 --> 00:51:52.768 Is referring to this NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 731dc40e-b932-4601-a47f-7a5cbee2e637 00:51:52.770 --> 00:51:54.166 Dermot Caldara right here, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 b6cde281-86d7-4089-8eaa-72eb125e7f52 00:51:54.166 --> 00:51:55.911 and notice that there's nothing NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 823fb44c-b31b-4ba8-a256-d0d3b5274190 00:51:55.911 --> 00:51:57.950 going on across Northern California, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 37f382fc-46c1-432d-97e5-158d73822d5a 00:51:57.950 --> 00:52:00.540 so if did, is this where the NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 089956bc-ab08-4fa1-9d5e-38730d0d0514 00:52:00.540 --> 00:52:02.580 hot spot really got going? NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 ec3b2704-30f5-42bf-8702-0d5c39b7b93f 00:52:02.580 --> 00:52:04.412 For a long time we thought it was NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 8ade3628-3ef6-4a41-a5eb-e3c2f8c8ff29 00:52:04.412 --> 00:52:06.199 that the Columbia River basalts was NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 e70aa74e-fa79-4ea0-946d-1926d912ce8a 00:52:06.199 --> 00:52:08.101 sort of the first outpouring of NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 60dd30a6-e522-4209-a3cc-3701ef9af285 00:52:08.157 --> 00:52:10.177 material from the Yellowstone system, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 73c36812-2e5e-4977-98d3-3af364ef0961 00:52:10.180 --> 00:52:12.098 and it coincided with the Mcdermitt caldera. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 d9a93b11-469d-4767-9a89-fe5b36e0c0ff 00:52:12.100 --> 00:52:13.426 And that's when we got this NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 61200ee7-3e07-45bb-917c-5ab06951814f 00:52:13.426 --> 00:52:14.310 nice channel called Earth. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 ee4ab1ad-9360-40a7-8af5-231d66a4f481 00:52:14.310 --> 00:52:16.270 More recent research, though, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 a07af322-b0c4-41eb-9d1e-15bd6e1eadea 00:52:16.270 --> 00:52:18.230 has suggested that actually. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 932c017a-8bdd-46ec-84c1-8c517b846f35 00:52:18.230 --> 00:52:19.654 The Yellowstone hotspot has NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 586dfe66-3dca-4348-b4cf-4ef6cbf6cb02 00:52:19.654 --> 00:52:21.790 been around for over 50 million NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 faebadc3-0bc7-42c7-bad0-0b2bdd6702f4 00:52:21.854 --> 00:52:23.814 years and it started someplace NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 1a61d23b-dc26-42b4-be54-4a46eaae3e23 00:52:23.814 --> 00:52:25.635 offshore of Northern California. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 aee7752a-6157-472b-aff8-9e35a99f6ea1 00:52:25.635 --> 00:52:27.535 It traversed this region, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 e7351800-2802-4406-8498-9c5d39b7655f 00:52:27.540 --> 00:52:29.703 but a whole bunch of tectonic activity NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 f58aba29-e7ce-449a-a5c4-844c3ca4a28d 00:52:29.703 --> 00:52:32.371 in the last few 10s of million years NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 79b805fc-510a-45fb-aa30-0ca1ac42f182 00:52:32.371 --> 00:52:34.493 have smeared out the evidence for NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 be959027-1103-4c5d-9820-9e577e7022b9 00:52:34.493 --> 00:52:36.446 Yellowstone all through the Central NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 ec9ed90a-860a-4b9b-86d4-f162523bb8ff 00:52:36.446 --> 00:52:38.110 Oregon and Northern California. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 c8d1bde3-9f45-4c58-ac83-45767b1c2b5f 00:52:38.110 --> 00:52:40.035 You can see some of it geochemically. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 7012f2c1-645f-4c48-9df5-a6b76a64784c 00:52:40.040 --> 00:52:41.498 You can look at the chemistry of some rocks, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 4147d734-3fc8-45c2-9bf4-4dccc7b18cb1 00:52:41.500 --> 00:52:43.590 and it looks like Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 af38163e-e8c9-4793-8f65-2bfa27709d40 00:52:43.590 --> 00:52:45.550 Somewhere around 2021 million NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 901b0138-9d56-4530-a745-62e44e16dedc 00:52:45.550 --> 00:52:48.000 years ago it went quiet, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 82595d6f-f83d-4388-9f63-65907503e9c2 00:52:48.000 --> 00:52:50.730 so during this phase when it was NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 25fc2871-c289-426b-a5f1-d36fdd312589 00:52:50.730 --> 00:52:52.400 traversing specially Northwest Nevada, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 1b174824-067b-4d5e-9585-d253e76c4111 00:52:52.400 --> 00:52:55.340 perhaps because all of that melt was NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 f568b25b-9627-43c6-ad74-55a80b5f7613 00:52:55.340 --> 00:52:57.185 trapped underneath a subducting slab. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 a4aab08f-eb69-4f7c-a805-3dfce50418d9 00:52:57.185 --> 00:52:59.871 Basically a piece of rock that was sort NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 4155a6cc-73b2-468a-b281-e9680cee9a68 00:52:59.871 --> 00:53:02.172 of stuck underneath the continental crust. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 c4c40267-9295-41b4-80b4-5a2108b6eefa 00:53:02.172 --> 00:53:04.362 It's or prevented the Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 5ef73ac3-b875-40ae-aa80-d0014b31a9c6 00:53:04.362 --> 00:53:06.120 magma from burning through, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 189705f5-fdc4-4edd-8b6c-9186eb9fd989 00:53:06.120 --> 00:53:09.513 and then it punched through in a big way. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 100ec3d0-a767-4d4f-ad0a-b6fdc7ccf388 00:53:09.520 --> 00:53:10.328 1617 million years ago. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 736a9eb1-abc8-4700-ba4a-ff0ac612e50b 00:53:10.328 --> 00:53:12.020 That's why we had this huge outpouring. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 dab70ae4-396b-4ea9-9daf-40f9bb0747c6 00:53:12.020 --> 00:53:13.308 The Columbia River basalts NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 4f71d729-4e5b-44a7-9553-fb70ef5f3065 00:53:13.308 --> 00:53:14.596 and then Mcdermitt caldera. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 f453b6d3-06e1-4185-a37b-fd044b9817ad 00:53:14.600 --> 00:53:16.700 And the nice trail going to Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 46f0006a-4176-4151-a7f5-fc2bff23e693 00:53:16.700 --> 00:53:19.017 So it does look now like yeah, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 ed17d7b6-f66d-4458-904c-4ed1ad96eb25 00:53:19.020 --> 00:53:19.820 Yellowstone's been around for NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 feb996fe-a505-4d17-8282-2a39e36f702f 00:53:19.820 --> 00:53:20.820 fifty million years or so. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 2429b44e-ef27-4eec-a24b-e3a552001fb9 00:53:20.820 --> 00:53:22.336 Started offshore of California, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 a7ef16ec-c922-43da-bf3d-0df69b10bd79 00:53:22.336 --> 00:53:25.117 but the evidence for that is smeared NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 7a243197-1a62-4f4a-9071-bc4ae2b13b9b 00:53:25.117 --> 00:53:27.327 all through California and Oregon. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 d4547382-709d-4fcb-8ec2-7a8fdd8fef58 00:53:27.330 --> 00:53:28.720 It's hard to really see. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 942e1e78-5a0a-4eae-bf87-8a0eb16925df 00:53:28.720 --> 00:53:30.532 And then there's a several million NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 7c5408fa-a007-463a-a66f-2d24c66d0542 00:53:30.532 --> 00:53:32.134 year quiet period that occurred NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 72f302ce-9724-4f0f-81cc-511a34edaefc 00:53:32.134 --> 00:53:34.138 when the hot spot would have NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 88005b6c-3997-4a98-ae19-6124bed54bce 00:53:34.138 --> 00:53:35.570 been traversing Northwest Nevada. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 f1fcb7ce-81c9-442c-84a9-b9702389440b 00:53:35.570 --> 00:53:36.620 Yeah, that's a really good question. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 c065972d-6365-4b72-bcb6-11b6a8122d1e 00:53:36.620 --> 00:53:38.572 That's relatively new conclusions, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 d34d0385-af42-40cc-bf1b-5c602c76cffc 00:53:38.572 --> 00:53:41.500 and pretty exciting to think that NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 f1fc4113-fa39-4edc-ae77-26b14be0de2f 00:53:41.500 --> 00:53:43.160 Yellowstone's been around a lot NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 c02aaaea-a2ea-4675-91c9-5bc0d991f097 00:53:43.160 --> 00:53:44.820 longer than we originally thought. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 9067e4ff-ee80-465a-97b0-df86061b994b 00:53:44.820 --> 00:53:45.348 Yeah, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 945feb61-1939-4d10-bffd-e0f30c6f4217 00:53:45.348 --> 00:53:49.044 definitely we got a combo and some NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 538e602a-eac7-44ab-96bd-cb48278959d1 00:53:49.044 --> 00:53:52.198 feedback and a question here from NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 4029e6b2-ebfd-4c18-ba5d-1f3ec25a86ec 00:53:52.198 --> 00:53:54.412 Anna she says super interesting. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 f8577c8c-dc6e-4ffb-bb10-473f0d7ed85d 00:53:54.412 --> 00:53:57.387 Thank you and wish you physicist and NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 0c8cde0f-55f4-4e2f-aa5b-8a23afaca069 00:53:57.387 --> 00:53:59.697 I never knew some of these facts. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 a20f0a0c-3ab8-4b98-b478-ef52b0a4a148 00:53:59.700 --> 00:54:02.570 My daughter is asking in the tow NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 798ae457-81a7-4ca8-b214-3716494b1dab 00:54:02.570 --> 00:54:03.390 bar eruption. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 e5dcae71-2425-4b5f-89a6-7b7a7904f980 00:54:03.390 --> 00:54:05.844 Why is the scar surrounding the NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 812395b2-6742-439e-afb4-c2ee57159308 00:54:05.844 --> 00:54:08.532 center of the eruption while the NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 a582a959-020e-4b18-93a1-edc8ec77996e 00:54:08.532 --> 00:54:10.472 center itself seems indistinguishable NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 97bea587-437d-4c7e-8638-73fd46c74f59 00:54:10.472 --> 00:54:13.250 from the rest of Indonesia? NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 419cf321-fbec-41e0-8409-20d403bb9ac1 00:54:13.250 --> 00:54:13.664 Ah, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 cdd8980d-8007-460d-8b1c-b54838ce961a 00:54:13.664 --> 00:54:16.976 so that's looking at this feature right here, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 44d40ac9-2996-4fde-943a-7d8c3233ee05 00:54:16.980 --> 00:54:18.760 so you've got the Toba. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 fb4d776b-4e2e-4507-a8a2-53dd2634384d 00:54:18.760 --> 00:54:20.600 Caldara is filled with water, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 afa97cb9-7abe-4b80-b29d-6a84e80057cb 00:54:20.600 --> 00:54:21.600 and it's got a lake, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 651cd3dc-64d9-4fdd-ae09-5e5b3cd3faf9 00:54:21.600 --> 00:54:24.560 but the middle is island. NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 af7885ee-37c3-4a48-b125-5836d6ea7000 00:54:24.560 --> 00:54:27.596 And that's because after caldeiras form, NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 4eef373b-b398-470c-8353-011932e3563d 00:54:27.600 --> 00:54:30.290 often there is a sort of a pop up in NOTE Confidence: 0.92983073 f8086d7a-30cb-41e1-8ae9-33445ad48064 00:54:30.370 --> 00:54:33.436 the middle as magma recharges the system. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 416f9a0d-79fa-4e7e-8165-c5d16673d33b 00:54:33.440 --> 00:54:36.728 It lifts up the middle of the caldera, NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 4c618048-fd2e-45b6-b9c2-7976fc8dbfda 00:54:36.730 --> 00:54:38.776 so we get something called the NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 c7dad472-67ee-4ea5-9fdf-e0611143ee90 00:54:38.776 --> 00:54:40.935 resurgent Dome and you can see these NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 a0430587-f5e8-4b91-ba78-8e41138c3f71 00:54:40.935 --> 00:54:42.743 in most called errors around the NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 cc25074c-c9f4-4b3e-b21f-b07948276fc5 00:54:42.743 --> 00:54:45.138 world to be is a great example in NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 7f7c1453-05cb-42e0-8adb-488d2b2158dc 00:54:45.138 --> 00:54:47.500 Long Valley in Eastern California, NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 4f2fcf40-9f2e-4a20-b33c-cc159aa7cb36 00:54:47.500 --> 00:54:49.782 you've got a resurgent Dome in the NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 3120fcb0-c964-474e-bc6d-490179b1d4be 00:54:49.782 --> 00:54:51.600 middle and there's a Moat sort NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 193cfb66-080e-4019-90b2-b1c4099e01ae 00:54:51.600 --> 00:54:53.323 of around the resurgent zone. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 6b5fdb7a-65c8-4e9f-b5eb-014bf4b47239 00:54:53.323 --> 00:54:55.328 Vias Caldara in New Mexico. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 1feac5ab-1a44-41ff-8a5f-2711dc874768 00:54:55.330 --> 00:54:58.725 Same thing and also in in Yellowstone, NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 4ea2e083-8793-4060-b8f2-344a0680afdd 00:54:58.730 --> 00:55:00.020 Yellowstone, there's actually NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 0697e5a0-4509-42d6-bd96-239358b84132 00:55:00.020 --> 00:55:01.310 two resurgent domes, NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 df318013-bcc8-4e08-928f-6009ba50f370 00:55:01.310 --> 00:55:03.404 one on either side of that NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 e3bae645-9db4-4a0e-b83e-0e7c18533244 00:55:03.404 --> 00:55:04.800 sort of elongated caldara. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 445819f7-3298-4d99-a3a0-8b3f1ac5bc1f 00:55:04.800 --> 00:55:05.784 So that's sort of the way NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 7d2f1b7c-7bd7-46fe-b093-aba7292ef686 00:55:05.784 --> 00:55:06.440 called there is work, NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 4346b57e-33ab-4043-9606-22f27ccbdf08 00:55:06.440 --> 00:55:08.522 they they bounce up shortly after NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 632e1614-0a62-49fb-8e6d-31a6d8e75f74 00:55:08.522 --> 00:55:10.395 the big caldera forming eruptions NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 304a52f3-7b29-4f3a-b18b-afaf8b8040dc 00:55:10.395 --> 00:55:12.475 as the magma chambers refilled. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 a2d7d30e-175c-4305-a433-269fbf5d61f2 00:55:12.480 --> 00:55:15.280 So that's why you see this sort of NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 dce5bbb6-f477-4d9d-8f46-500f92f8ee3e 00:55:15.280 --> 00:55:17.890 upwarp in the middle of the lake. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 f5271f4b-5314-408e-a0bf-c6ff7c3cfaf9 00:55:17.890 --> 00:55:19.690 Good question. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 738c781e-c016-4c89-9274-a8807467fe43 00:55:19.690 --> 00:55:21.472 Yeah, there's a lot of great NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 d55a3430-5228-4242-a41e-ae69307245c3 00:55:21.472 --> 00:55:23.441 questions tonight, that's for sure. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 1edb3a42-a217-4c06-97a9-fc3239c2db10 00:55:23.441 --> 00:55:25.726 Alright, somebody is asking what NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 a0c245cf-60ee-492d-8ce7-07126b72a56c 00:55:25.726 --> 00:55:28.670 changed old faithful eruption pattern, NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 898fc8b5-ba8e-4715-87d1-1b7f5d06383c 00:55:28.670 --> 00:55:31.258 not be full anymore. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 f8db1c0e-6ae5-4704-8552-c0cf326d2b48 00:55:31.260 --> 00:55:34.676 So I've seen a rumor floating around that NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 1ad5e13a-ee72-41b2-846e-e064069b3bce 00:55:34.676 --> 00:55:37.429 old faithful isn't faithful anymore. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 852c1a18-403b-446e-9c11-2d8177715661 00:55:37.430 --> 00:55:40.110 I don't know where that comes from it is I. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 7a868700-46a3-481e-8a20-29952877c3f1 00:55:40.110 --> 00:55:41.310 I think that's been claimed online NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 1a1d1938-ea80-4362-86f1-178901839602 00:55:41.310 --> 00:55:42.708 by a few people and it's been. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 79a7faee-0ffb-4e23-b563-fa75c2b40510 00:55:42.710 --> 00:55:44.384 It's made up. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 1ee0a456-1d34-4b1a-bbc3-b13d8c1ab5d2 00:55:44.384 --> 00:55:45.500 That said, NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 de7f0926-99dc-4936-95f0-995bded2a3bd 00:55:45.500 --> 00:55:47.380 it's not constant through time NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 6b73c8c6-9834-4eb9-8861-348e85b61a39 00:55:47.380 --> 00:55:49.260 back when Old Faithful was NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 36a5354d-cdcf-4bde-8284-af082f226dee 00:55:49.335 --> 00:55:51.235 first described in the 1870s, NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 d2311560-dd04-4478-bc84-2135e203b9f7 00:55:51.235 --> 00:55:54.350 it was erupting about once every hour. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 91cdc461-b51a-4d2a-b77e-d8b51f9fadcb 00:55:54.350 --> 00:55:57.238 Now it erupts about once every 90 minutes, NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 c6a3acce-fa24-427f-9c9a-a54ecdf61fdd 00:55:57.240 --> 00:55:58.299 give or take. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 793e5907-f51f-4c02-a747-63a20efdf40a 00:55:58.299 --> 00:56:00.417 There's a pretty big uncertainty there. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 795f7e1e-483e-4e13-8210-9dbeb7bd1e4b 00:56:00.420 --> 00:56:00.932 Uhm, NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 9d872bd4-63e4-4fa4-a6cb-5c2ff8b5ee57 00:56:00.932 --> 00:56:04.004 it's happened mostly in the last NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 6b55d799-6e81-44fe-bd90-6b021efff7d5 00:56:04.004 --> 00:56:06.970 few decades that it got longer. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 60c8b235-ae47-4a00-87bf-3ea4569639e1 00:56:06.970 --> 00:56:10.505 In some cases it's been due to. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 9c9aed89-5ce8-482f-a0dc-6ab829b9b2ee 00:56:10.510 --> 00:56:12.820 Earthquakes that are in the region. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 50cbbc4b-4135-41c9-b8f2-b218ffe75be5 00:56:12.820 --> 00:56:14.464 I said earthquakes won't NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 21da8ec9-e6c5-42e9-85c8-aaf75c2a01c8 00:56:14.464 --> 00:56:16.108 trigger Yellowstone to erupt, NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 9279da6d-cc6b-48bb-9277-aa2f8d371281 00:56:16.110 --> 00:56:18.174 but earthquakes can affect the geyser NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 8fdc206b-9775-4a99-9d0c-2e302cc9a7e4 00:56:18.174 --> 00:56:20.438 systems because the guys are some there. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 83acc9e4-4aa8-4c2e-b220-a3cdd7a515d0 00:56:20.440 --> 00:56:22.600 They like the plumbing in an old house. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 cc5a7377-b137-4e43-9368-0a56ae637bc3 00:56:22.600 --> 00:56:24.184 They're really fragile and if you NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 80b7c534-5e1a-4ad3-9eba-9f488c094899 00:56:24.184 --> 00:56:25.952 shake them just like if you shake NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 f308a307-5378-4a31-a0e2-ae06baacb710 00:56:25.952 --> 00:56:27.492 the plumbing in an old house you NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 d04fd096-0110-48d2-92ee-dd6809b93be8 00:56:27.543 --> 00:56:30.219 things are gonna break and so you NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 cfd2d68f-547f-400d-ad59-edb9cd8ad9b6 00:56:30.219 --> 00:56:32.579 often see after a large earthquake NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 2fe6ebfe-fb4c-415f-9736-761a33db9084 00:56:32.579 --> 00:56:34.350 somewhere in the western US and even NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 9dbe6461-4dde-4a3c-9a6e-5ca377477973 00:56:34.403 --> 00:56:35.950 there was a case of this happening NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 93649e14-6100-4544-b787-0c9375ceac43 00:56:35.950 --> 00:56:37.491 in Alaska and Earthquake in Alaska NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 4c075e9c-e1a9-472d-8be6-ad1a936aaf35 00:56:37.491 --> 00:56:39.147 the seismic waves come through and NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 b59f1f3b-e097-4df7-a7a6-7eddd4713623 00:56:39.147 --> 00:56:40.528 they sort of mess with the plumbing. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 ad7767c8-67c4-4c43-baec-6725fd357c79 00:56:40.530 --> 00:56:42.574 System and you can get changes in NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 81ae2181-b9c3-4687-ad6e-b64c8070a175 00:56:42.574 --> 00:56:44.088 the interval between eruptions and NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 56578f90-3044-4b5b-b506-c49910bc764e 00:56:44.088 --> 00:56:45.840 so overtime the last few decades NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 3119d22b-da45-4a39-ab7b-fceb65d95313 00:56:45.840 --> 00:56:47.602 the old faithful system has gone NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 3103fcd3-9442-42cf-a7d2-10ed8bcadf3f 00:56:47.602 --> 00:56:49.623 from about 60 minutes to 90 minutes, NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 eebeef12-1a5f-4c3c-ac95-6a1f637abef6 00:56:49.623 --> 00:56:51.288 but it's still pretty faithful. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 6ae7c9ad-b1f8-4e20-8ce4-e1cd0795d5c6 00:56:51.290 --> 00:56:55.170 There was a time, however, about. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 8a155674-cd57-4fbe-b617-0287756b0519 00:56:55.170 --> 00:56:57.403 650 to 800 years ago where we NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 48742d7d-9138-46fb-869f-ec75bd9c4e2a 00:56:57.403 --> 00:56:59.095 have evidence that both faithful NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 4dd5d51d-3396-4e05-ab63-0c82ef4e3d2a 00:56:59.095 --> 00:57:00.755 did not erupt at all. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 6da0ffd2-f52c-4ca0-9bde-d2ad9d2ea3c9 00:57:00.760 --> 00:57:02.380 It wasn't faithful, period. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 f4396039-778b-4407-bb79-524d2df1ed24 00:57:02.380 --> 00:57:04.000 During that time frame. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 d4b58ce5-095f-44d8-8fbd-d51a999545f6 00:57:04.000 --> 00:57:06.926 We know this because there are trees. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 5f57ff9a-ec09-4267-8a00-3b1639414b10 00:57:06.930 --> 00:57:09.750 Preserved in the Old faithful mount, NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 eeef0279-0d52-4ae2-ae48-47af61e00f02 00:57:09.750 --> 00:57:11.710 so there are actually old dead trees NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 c38eff90-e880-423a-aa9b-bcb889844868 00:57:11.710 --> 00:57:13.374 that are basically petrified and we NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 1d47c09f-abe7-4f6d-9ab7-90c078d6231a 00:57:13.374 --> 00:57:15.159 can date those trees and find out NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 b6b56dd9-0cd6-4ca3-8cd7-884f637d8bd9 00:57:15.213 --> 00:57:17.005 that there are a few 100 years old NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 e4b881c2-4ead-40c3-aada-379527b77de3 00:57:17.005 --> 00:57:18.476 that time period when old faithful NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 f5acc586-35d2-46d4-a226-e6bbd42666c7 00:57:18.476 --> 00:57:20.329 was not erupting 'cause we know it NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 3a087b98-b3d6-4073-a24c-32fe8153db82 00:57:20.329 --> 00:57:21.734 was interrupting 'cause otherwise the NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 d109779a-1acb-4e5e-b58d-c88689dc6c01 00:57:21.734 --> 00:57:23.767 trees would have been able to grow there. NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 4e2b92e8-f379-45dc-b63c-3a03ef769333 00:57:23.770 --> 00:57:25.636 That corresponds to a major drought NOTE Confidence: 0.890359425 1fd0509c-3a72-4507-a363-6acc19c8d5af 00:57:25.636 --> 00:57:27.710 that affected much of the Southwest. NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 60640d68-8773-4b8d-8b30-e5e814755312 00:57:27.710 --> 00:57:29.142 In fact, during this drought is when many NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 98342133-d053-47aa-82a3-97972d86ecd8 00:57:29.142 --> 00:57:30.847 of the indigenous people of the Southwest, NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 fa27d8e0-6d98-44f5-afec-834438a2824e 00:57:30.850 --> 00:57:31.855 those Cliff dwellings, NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 ddaa262f-a4aa-4ef7-9f3a-06ecdca26d74 00:57:31.855 --> 00:57:33.530 and so forth were abandoned. NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 80c42ff7-424c-4afc-93cc-cb313127f954 00:57:33.530 --> 00:57:35.338 So it looks like old, faithful, NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 5adedea1-745e-439f-aa10-0220af9b912d 00:57:35.338 --> 00:57:37.678 maybe in part controlled by NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 33e66fac-7377-45c1-a914-c5e979dd890e 00:57:37.678 --> 00:57:40.167 the availability of water and NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 e0c4e7c8-2fb9-41c6-9d29-3f6770376182 00:57:40.167 --> 00:57:42.307 during major sustained droughts. NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 d8957845-96c5-4f30-b22a-bb49541c04a6 00:57:42.310 --> 00:57:43.286 It may dry up. NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 e2fb0881-5cd9-4392-9e49-37e2b3daf1eb 00:57:43.286 --> 00:57:44.750 We do know that some geysers NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 c4bb2be8-d740-4c03-8ac9-709b4973aaed 00:57:44.815 --> 00:57:46.579 during wet years and dry years, NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 3472f2cc-3eac-4761-aeae-8e83166cb88c 00:57:46.580 --> 00:57:48.035 their intervals become a little NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 c2b54a0f-91d6-4667-98e6-76f3cf263646 00:57:48.035 --> 00:57:49.790 bit more frequent during wet years NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 473789d7-a475-40bd-a9d6-d9642742197b 00:57:49.790 --> 00:57:51.248 and less so during dry years. NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 f71a232a-849b-418d-bffa-a80b92412bce 00:57:51.250 --> 00:57:52.295 Old faithful appears to be NOTE Confidence: 0.922638868666667 ab3b3f8d-e1f3-486e-a38a-57eb689e4fe5 00:57:52.295 --> 00:57:53.340 to be one of those. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 5401125f-88f3-426b-bf2c-4732be1cda50 00:57:56.220 --> 00:57:59.830 Right? Our next one is from Todd NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 8410af9d-aa8f-470d-96ca-e8f5df60f29f 00:57:59.830 --> 00:58:01.899 and this is a two parter question NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 2a48e659-7fb4-4d83-a627-aac764554780 00:58:01.899 --> 00:58:04.279 with a little bit of feedback here NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 415e6ea6-9a32-4571-80cf-9bdc3e358e86 00:58:04.280 --> 00:58:06.660 burst info foremost. Thank you. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 9558240a-a543-4960-8aab-7404c0339da2 00:58:06.660 --> 00:58:08.452 I really enjoyed this talk and look NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 67b65596-643b-4b7c-b6e1-44468e8eb8f2 00:58:08.452 --> 00:58:10.099 forward to the monthly updates. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 842500ef-534f-4444-82f1-a6f6157d9c6f 00:58:10.100 --> 00:58:11.753 Very happy guide. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 3297188b-e433-463c-9724-3684100d44bc 00:58:11.753 --> 00:58:15.184 My first question is that I am an NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 36578789-a761-43ab-9090-dbdacf78b3a6 00:58:15.184 --> 00:58:16.714 Earth science education major in NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 dc351783-4524-40a1-a86d-505338375740 00:58:16.714 --> 00:58:19.248 Utah and I'm wondering if there are NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 4436a2f8-7283-465a-a8fa-5c03d9a287da 00:58:19.248 --> 00:58:21.684 any jobs specifically linked to the NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 27f010a3-413a-4f1d-9007-25b35da448e6 00:58:21.684 --> 00:58:23.531 Yellowstone Volcano Observatory that NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 c2bdbbfc-73d0-4f8a-9f99-0e77b20fde43 00:58:23.531 --> 00:58:25.335 deal directly with interpretation NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 8b2065d7-a933-44da-87ef-5e3d26bd15ce 00:58:25.335 --> 00:58:28.210 and working with the public outside. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 e5873210-1b43-4947-a5e6-357b6945994e 00:58:28.210 --> 00:58:30.300 Of the Rangers working within NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 12d38cf6-2e2a-4dbd-a4e9-ef539b651466 00:58:30.300 --> 00:58:32.488 the National Park Service so. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 0d5a014d-b361-4530-a133-280779c816b2 00:58:32.488 --> 00:58:33.504 Interesting question. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 47556d3d-0df4-42ed-b72b-432ba0ce6dc7 00:58:33.504 --> 00:58:36.552 We we don't have really specific. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 bf41efe0-bae9-4033-89ab-d170022a00dd 00:58:36.560 --> 00:58:40.606 Outreach jobs that are outside the park. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 b721c177-a1d9-4bb6-94c4-74fda2299e48 00:58:40.610 --> 00:58:44.170 And and so I I think that would be my my. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 d9cf5ab4-442b-4702-97b5-e02051c2e9ec 00:58:44.170 --> 00:58:47.572 My default is to to go with the park. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 3387d20a-2585-47f8-9257-bbd84c5aee97 00:58:47.580 --> 00:58:49.485 Just because the opportunities there NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 b86c4c18-525e-4014-ae81-fefb74a22c57 00:58:49.485 --> 00:58:51.560 are huge. You know there are this. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 51b689dc-616b-4d1d-adc2-1380aaa27d6d 00:58:51.560 --> 00:58:53.848 This past year four and a half million NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 8f4dffc8-21d9-46ad-b5eb-e70c00663c10 00:58:53.848 --> 00:58:55.406 people pass through Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 2ef6895e-1a78-4597-b00b-b88e312d29f3 00:58:55.406 --> 00:58:57.516 Park and they're going there. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 74dec523-716e-4765-b76c-c65d2aeaa9f0 00:58:57.520 --> 00:59:00.760 Of course, to see bison and elk and wolves, NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 3e4e955e-cf37-470d-a19b-0c9670f78767 00:59:00.760 --> 00:59:03.790 but. Everyone stops at Old Faithful. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 8eb89c70-7bef-440d-a294-884533380e02 00:59:03.790 --> 00:59:06.910 Everyone sees these amazing geyser basins, NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 866200f4-dbde-4acb-8a08-833441d7dbca 00:59:06.910 --> 00:59:08.530 and so there's a real opportunity NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 b3e6ea27-e7ff-43c7-a889-5b1ca8440950 00:59:08.530 --> 00:59:09.070 for engagement. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 8cb4e994-2a37-49c5-a5b2-c841957e53e7 00:59:09.070 --> 00:59:11.094 I think the park is is doing a NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 73452877-2f40-4c45-875c-00fd74d299e6 00:59:11.094 --> 00:59:13.019 pretty good job of engaging folks NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 62396f79-80da-41df-9643-07937a876cf8 00:59:13.019 --> 00:59:15.047 in telling the the geologic story. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 abb7c82d-edbd-4d80-bee0-581a91c006b5 00:59:15.050 --> 00:59:16.530 I think we can do more as well. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 51b0c49a-00eb-4e83-b62a-4a6668e9ef52 00:59:16.530 --> 00:59:18.938 Some of the the agencies that make NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 de556007-eca4-4223-be16-072fc0a10dc4 00:59:18.938 --> 00:59:20.986 up Yvo can help that mission, NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 c47158f6-4eca-4524-a59b-20540af45317 00:59:20.986 --> 00:59:23.020 especially through the use of social NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 fca2577d-7c0c-4050-b3bc-f7804496d025 00:59:23.083 --> 00:59:24.805 media and videos and so forth. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 7dd265ee-9199-4986-87d8-55d61b0935cc 00:59:24.810 --> 00:59:26.637 I'm not aware of any real specific NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 3dc5b7d9-0027-4c67-873b-02eab9fb6654 00:59:26.637 --> 00:59:28.410 jobs for that outside the park, NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 6f00cef2-9bf1-45e0-9e0f-992d691a1e25 00:59:28.410 --> 00:59:30.090 but the park has some really neat programs, NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 1cf325df-84f9-4ee7-b1e3-bb92a703f18e 00:59:30.090 --> 00:59:32.358 like a geoscientist in the park. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 fc4224cb-e2af-4ad8-8d87-44768c12d1a2 00:59:32.360 --> 00:59:34.100 That's run through the Geological NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 5a3bf882-eec3-4621-b95d-10f15799fe61 00:59:34.100 --> 00:59:36.200 Society of America and other programs NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 d771ba4d-4242-43ba-9e56-659508c59f66 00:59:36.200 --> 00:59:38.018 like that for interns where people NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 b3dc5284-45aa-4e29-9626-f974c49c14c0 00:59:38.018 --> 00:59:40.217 can go and make a real difference NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 abc9a174-bf15-4607-835c-0394a2317e18 00:59:40.220 --> 00:59:41.584 with with outreach and. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 ae88ad90-f86a-42a0-8918-8797ad46e80d 00:59:41.584 --> 00:59:42.266 And frankly, NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 a8b08b47-b297-4612-a3e7-cae4c7fdad95 00:59:42.270 --> 00:59:44.615 I found my occasionally I get a NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 f923050f-d4f5-4326-a3de-e665faceec6a 00:59:44.615 --> 00:59:46.848 bit demoralized by all of the NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 efa6ba5f-b4af-405b-9180-3c5ceb224382 00:59:46.848 --> 00:59:48.773 misinformation that you see online. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 155a4bc9-fed6-42d5-afb4-ca8481a49ae5 00:59:48.780 --> 00:59:51.220 But then you go to Yellowstone and you NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 ac252323-9252-485e-91b0-0f0d9099b5a4 00:59:51.220 --> 00:59:54.027 see the wonder in people's eyes as they. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 3c992616-d7ba-489a-9736-e69b0516e0eb 00:59:54.030 --> 00:59:57.430 Watch a geyser erupting and and you realize, NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 e5271daa-3314-48ab-a2c6-b73485fd2807 00:59:57.430 --> 00:59:57.704 man. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 7b94cf4e-eb84-4c25-bc60-ab4c9e671b3c 00:59:57.704 --> 00:59:59.074 If people are really captivated NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 4a8c61b3-08ae-4370-85b0-e503deb8044b 00:59:59.074 --> 01:00:01.150 by the place and the the the noise NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 6a07f899-e427-4ccd-8c13-0c991cf9bffc 01:00:01.150 --> 01:00:02.910 online is is just that it's noise. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 82fd40b7-74a4-4fee-b552-624166d5497f 01:00:02.910 --> 01:00:04.094 The real experiences there, NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 eab7e527-8990-4b5b-9c74-0094ed0c5781 01:00:04.094 --> 01:00:06.471 so I'd encourage you to look at the NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 14faa696-c641-4ab3-bb32-c7a417be3699 01:00:06.471 --> 01:00:08.115 sort of geoscientists in the park NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 a28e2b1b-d60f-46dc-a6f7-450b879d15d2 01:00:08.115 --> 01:00:10.213 programs as a as a start and perhaps NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 2c45a97b-bc9b-4faf-b72c-7d367105a947 01:00:10.213 --> 01:00:11.860 the University of Utah since they NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 39c3efea-c58d-46d2-89e5-03644f6fe4ba 01:00:11.860 --> 01:00:13.810 they do so much with earthquakes NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 a84440dd-a411-4298-a647-bf8d6e9a0deb 01:00:13.810 --> 01:00:15.210 in Yellowstone they they put out a NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 d07d3de9-a28d-451c-9bdd-ed5506cb3113 01:00:15.210 --> 01:00:16.543 lot of good information that might NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 50028b4c-35bc-405d-a484-77c953254f4c 01:00:16.543 --> 01:00:17.683 be a place to look. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 fd473cad-b822-43e8-b631-0fd68ff65286 01:00:17.690 --> 01:00:19.020 Too. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 46a17ea9-4247-4fb0-8962-3795fccce6f8 01:00:19.020 --> 01:00:21.230 Great a great suggestion actually NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 c85345b5-675c-43af-beab-6b452b0ecf66 01:00:21.230 --> 01:00:22.556 it's true now. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 ced03940-f758-4e6d-aa0b-a0bad22fc9a3 01:00:22.560 --> 01:00:25.276 His second question to his original was. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 7f29aee5-22a4-4434-8487-99506449bc86 01:00:25.280 --> 01:00:27.639 Why are there so many few faults NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 c757108d-6247-47cf-b119-246e83514396 01:00:27.639 --> 01:00:29.773 inside the caldera except at the NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 20d99b96-dbdc-4b72-88ca-a1f6755691d5 01:00:29.773 --> 01:00:31.885 Sour Creek and Mallard Lake domes? NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 f3700e70-ab9b-4a75-a5d4-9b88d0498afd 01:00:31.890 --> 01:00:34.158 So the sour cream and lake NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 342590b4-045a-4446-96fb-1ed3b150f33c 01:00:34.158 --> 01:00:35.670 are the resurgent domes? NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 d93fd5c1-5585-41dd-9cf0-542684b72bf7 01:00:35.670 --> 01:00:39.335 See if I can pull up that map. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 289b196e-0474-4533-adbc-cb5cd9fb10a9 01:00:39.335 --> 01:00:45.110 So these domes. Sour Creek is over here. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 14bd39ba-5445-40ab-9bf1-ef7936575817 01:00:45.110 --> 01:00:46.000 Mallard Lake is over there. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 f89eb6c7-e56c-4d83-b682-4b3f2317a9a0 01:00:46.000 --> 01:00:47.356 This is the resurgent domes that NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 9aff487f-aa9a-42de-9afb-620c591a0ac7 01:00:47.356 --> 01:00:49.000 popped up after the cold air formed. NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 086c4284-f3fc-41a0-bbde-21396eac1318 01:00:49.000 --> 01:00:50.722 And as they pop up they start NOTE Confidence: 0.8613949 b5532646-1db7-41e1-99e5-6ba79897bfd6 01:00:50.722 --> 01:00:51.460 cracking so you NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 cb550f59-b29d-458b-9402-821d84b41c07 01:00:51.523 --> 01:00:53.461 get all kinds of faults associated NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 8379b3b8-a3d4-49e0-9d2a-24340dc43867 01:00:53.461 --> 01:00:54.753 with the resurgent tops, NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 ec07f77d-5afd-4b1d-9772-608742578301 01:00:54.760 --> 01:00:57.445 the tectonic faults, the regional NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 d80f01e9-6b34-4e65-9c70-07a5dc61ff20 01:00:57.445 --> 01:01:00.130 faults probably go through here. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 9de8b925-1ab8-4b96-87fe-3075503a2036 01:01:00.130 --> 01:01:01.226 But Yellowstone blew up NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 7557807e-d95d-48bf-8023-bf21febfd7ae 01:01:01.226 --> 01:01:02.596 all the evidence for them, NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 e64a5084-3e8a-4983-be89-ebec5e0b0e3d 01:01:02.600 --> 01:01:03.852 so almost certainly based NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 2a4db4e2-2b24-4064-9416-34533f62f2ad 01:01:03.852 --> 01:01:05.104 on the earthquake maps, NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 2fac4973-2264-41a3-89db-82ede6e921cc 01:01:05.110 --> 01:01:06.730 we can see that there's almost NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 d3f9f361-e4b6-4c84-8ace-2bbd58cf3046 01:01:06.730 --> 01:01:07.810 certainly extensions of these NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 96aa05d1-185f-44a3-bb3d-56870b4a3be9 01:01:07.855 --> 01:01:09.337 faults that run through the area, NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 3d822f7a-f19b-45e3-b38c-d9f6cbbbce66 01:01:09.340 --> 01:01:10.810 but we don't see the surface NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 4e534710-69b0-45b6-be61-7c7aebfe63bc 01:01:10.810 --> 01:01:12.153 expression of the false 'cause NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 57ace87b-bac0-4edb-a76f-ea956f6a2554 01:01:12.153 --> 01:01:14.214 it's been just obliterated in the NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 e6c9f4d1-04bc-46c5-93ec-2af09c3a66d5 01:01:14.214 --> 01:01:16.249 caldera form 631,000 years ago. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 13d6cfe4-de7e-4e2a-8ef6-0fec48b2d397 01:01:16.250 --> 01:01:17.930 There may be some evidence that the NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 59715fe2-947c-468a-98fc-f6b40c0c18ef 01:01:17.930 --> 01:01:19.568 floor of Yellowstone Lake there's some NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 7359924a-6229-47c5-a16d-505a49ed5714 01:01:19.568 --> 01:01:21.023 of these faults continued through NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 11d5b2f2-dde0-42e9-9711-b7617bb6b7d4 01:01:21.023 --> 01:01:22.578 Yellowstone like there may even some NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 918a7b89-1ee3-4e20-a676-ef109e806cb4 01:01:22.578 --> 01:01:23.964 of these faults have the potential NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 46995f47-f45b-4f78-8fed-b73e3a42c944 01:01:23.970 --> 01:01:26.266 to add magnitude 6 and seven earthquakes. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 4b6b9962-71d3-4816-a179-e0d099d7065d 01:01:26.270 --> 01:01:28.391 That's actually the big hazard on human NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 9b88f08a-5394-4c80-ae4c-b8fa300f58e8 01:01:28.391 --> 01:01:30.370 timescales in the Yellowstone region. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 9c838326-532f-45f8-bd51-b054d1560ab3 01:01:30.370 --> 01:01:31.858 Is a strong earthquake. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 dd7b9bf2-c64e-4bc8-bdbc-177c0b8f5f4a 01:01:31.858 --> 01:01:34.823 It's not a volcanic eruption and the last NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 804bb0a9-68c0-454c-b382-0d92dca4ab77 01:01:34.823 --> 01:01:37.147 lava flow came out 70,000 years ago, NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 abc05dff-5acb-46a3-a21b-abe51a89b4d5 01:01:37.150 --> 01:01:38.690 but there are probably magnitude NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 c3cd87b0-beeb-4320-92f8-b56599cbe4c6 01:01:38.690 --> 01:01:40.230 7 earthquakes in the region NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 66da7ccb-2849-4bed-b125-9da8f6c35e53 01:01:40.284 --> 01:01:41.619 every hundred years or so. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 40849085-f3db-45f2-9a85-3d32b9d2b12a 01:01:41.620 --> 01:01:44.780 Last one was in 1959. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 36d1dc90-7914-4df1-a3be-e75bfe7f202c 01:01:44.780 --> 01:01:45.282 Wow, NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 b1d0ee15-2488-477d-9012-129b661e0f7b 01:01:45.282 --> 01:01:48.294 so something that you mentioned earlier, NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 6ed4ed02-b453-4ed5-8508-d427b0d799f5 01:01:48.300 --> 01:01:49.920 there was some feedback that's going NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 aafceb66-91fd-427c-b873-b10376ac22f8 01:01:49.920 --> 01:01:51.582 to sound very familiar with you NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 c9b02718-493b-4940-ab33-11dead3245c5 01:01:51.582 --> 01:01:53.322 just mentioned they had said this NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 4863ffea-8863-4ceb-8bca-1421f1714e55 01:01:53.322 --> 01:01:55.140 is all very fascinating and much NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 b70ffd1d-c2f4-4a64-bdf0-b09a10c674d4 01:01:55.201 --> 01:01:57.567 needed at the time where so much NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 ebca4a40-0b80-4076-a56e-61e0e9b85a6c 01:01:57.567 --> 01:01:59.600 misinformation is spread on social media. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 07348089-91d4-423c-897c-a3b6dd1e3b34 01:01:59.600 --> 01:02:03.335 So they have that same feeling too wanted to. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 a8d60623-7c7d-48ae-940d-e2b8c837e644 01:02:03.340 --> 01:02:03.606 Yeah, NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 02af9619-71a3-4f94-97cc-b8276a1ead4d 01:02:03.606 --> 01:02:06.000 I know I spend a lot of my time NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 b06c186e-3dfc-4f9c-870e-60930d9dac27 01:02:06.077 --> 01:02:08.695 trying to answer questions and I I NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 c9fa614f-bdc9-4da1-b72c-a94efc9dbfaa 01:02:08.695 --> 01:02:10.909 think most people you know they're NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 b84a438f-5036-45d2-92cc-5ab9127a0b58 01:02:10.909 --> 01:02:13.482 not looking to be misled by by some NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 452e5035-33cf-464e-a5d6-d6dd78348fd9 01:02:13.482 --> 01:02:14.694 of the misinformation that's out there. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 914a7594-15fb-4c85-9bcd-43358cbb3518 01:02:14.700 --> 01:02:16.776 You have honest questions and you NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 94f1ad3a-38bc-4c09-8373-f6d23f6de446 01:02:16.776 --> 01:02:18.800 hear things that Yeltsin's uplifting. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 d02449c7-3d8c-4017-9e7c-80656b39133b 01:02:18.800 --> 01:02:19.836 And of course, if there's an earthquake, NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 5523c8ee-a72b-4777-80d5-e8100e39f80b 01:02:19.840 --> 01:02:20.024 swarm. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 495ea11f-3cb6-4d20-ae9f-682e1efb464a 01:02:20.024 --> 01:02:20.760 If there's, you know, NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 390d4e91-80dc-48cb-a2cf-a25281e769da 01:02:20.760 --> 01:02:22.050 hundreds of earthquakes happening in NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 502674ba-3b95-4ab6-9522-31de6719b29a 01:02:22.050 --> 01:02:23.840 Yellowstone in a given few day period. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 c1b28b2e-26a8-4679-93b3-938d043a1eab 01:02:23.840 --> 01:02:25.172 That sounds alarming. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 c144d38a-f49e-4b3b-88b3-e2271b00b725 01:02:25.172 --> 01:02:27.836 If that were to happen at. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 0b977aa4-b1e2-4c13-84af-5638504f4d30 01:02:27.840 --> 01:02:29.628 Not Baker Glacier Peak or something NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 636125e3-be4b-4d7f-a965-54714207de61 01:02:29.628 --> 01:02:30.224 like that. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 a6218ef2-c072-4248-8cbf-fd5b39722cc6 01:02:30.230 --> 01:02:31.988 It would be alarmed because that's NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 67be5a55-c65e-40b3-bc8a-d69b09f8d535 01:02:31.988 --> 01:02:34.179 not the way those volcanoes behave, NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 77c620fe-a801-4fd9-98ee-2c9684a61d10 01:02:34.180 --> 01:02:36.076 but This is why we spend so much NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 8eaef148-5cf6-4544-a378-0dfb6779d02b 01:02:36.076 --> 01:02:37.337 time installing instruments and NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 76a52d09-93df-4e2a-8a1e-a2518c082c53 01:02:37.337 --> 01:02:39.167 volcanoes and trying to understand NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 222bc2d8-bb6e-4b3e-be20-46ecda5359e9 01:02:39.167 --> 01:02:40.910 their background levels of activity. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 c32cde32-b28c-44c4-947a-023bfedec937 01:02:40.910 --> 01:02:43.619 We want to know how they behave NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 6fa7e2e6-b174-48d1-b3c0-2a5279a1af1d 01:02:43.620 --> 01:02:44.720 over long periods of time. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 f394a8cf-dfb5-491d-a8a0-dd08696c414e 01:02:44.720 --> 01:02:46.260 Yellowstone behaves with lots NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 0c3819bd-6964-499c-b776-203a95cc2404 01:02:46.260 --> 01:02:47.800 and lots of earthquakes, NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 1564421d-5744-4927-863d-e4e60fc10b61 01:02:47.800 --> 01:02:48.944 ground rises and falls. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 b74631f6-e85f-480a-a874-08ff44315671 01:02:48.944 --> 01:02:50.974 The guys are starting and stopping and NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 303b0155-6941-451a-9573-9ccb7dde6315 01:02:50.974 --> 01:02:52.787 ground is warming up and cooling down. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 7bed3911-29f3-47f4-8251-4a5f706407e0 01:02:52.790 --> 01:02:53.992 That's Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 cb457b60-a308-47c8-91cc-ae0b9396133f 01:02:53.992 --> 01:02:56.396 That's background for Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 3bc8bb14-90a5-49dd-b2b8-e983b057eed7 01:02:56.400 --> 01:02:57.939 So what we want to do is define that. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 9cb506ff-1965-48f3-a0a8-02e46202dc1d 01:02:57.940 --> 01:02:59.780 Background and look for the NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 0ffb2f47-7063-4cd8-9d59-2cc01a5b70cb 01:02:59.780 --> 01:03:02.021 deviations and it's very easy for NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 00d97e08-86f6-4c55-8228-162df3d50b9c 01:03:02.021 --> 01:03:04.031 some people say well any earthquake NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 9d168ecc-4d17-4459-80f6-9978512f331f 01:03:04.031 --> 01:03:06.400 at a volcano is related to magma. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 a4ceebce-d38b-4104-97a0-9ff354af02c1 01:03:06.400 --> 01:03:07.800 That may be true at some volcanoes, NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 73a50e0a-5d06-48db-a904-3e78a6929995 01:03:07.800 --> 01:03:09.068 but not at Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 6ee2ff5e-ae4d-4646-9e6a-6acafd82eb1d 01:03:09.068 --> 01:03:11.829 That's why we spend so much time trying NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 09b9e099-e32d-4581-845d-68f4a7c9e517 01:03:11.829 --> 01:03:15.020 to define that background. Alright. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 9c519008-4729-40e3-80a5-18345d14b630 01:03:15.020 --> 01:03:17.156 The next question is from Samuel. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 cb9b8925-edfe-4c51-bc48-35a3a2ced5a8 01:03:17.160 --> 01:03:20.368 He would like to know how are the NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 68544040-5668-487c-a8fb-9510ad702c2c 01:03:20.368 --> 01:03:22.855 elevations measured to such a precise NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 d08b01d3-54e1-409c-ba5f-d9b7b01e217c 01:03:22.855 --> 01:03:25.570 accuracy at the points discussed in #6, NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 46d814e7-37d2-4641-992a-bf6ba477bc80 01:03:25.570 --> 01:03:27.522 Yellowstone is always uplifting. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 870e01a6-ce95-4971-8807-bbad96dabda5 01:03:27.522 --> 01:03:30.875 We use the same technology in terms NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 a68398e5-51af-4018-a2f8-7b36dab8b0d3 01:03:30.875 --> 01:03:33.643 of GPS as isn't your phone in your NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 c9e28cfe-6a89-4019-89d5-4dd1ced0d26b 01:03:33.643 --> 01:03:36.711 car so forth only we do a slightly NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 b1f71a30-0bcf-48b8-bc16-1e43d5820523 01:03:36.711 --> 01:03:38.682 different type of processing. NOTE Confidence: 0.895949754 47d4e918-08b0-4dec-975f-a6a1ae1ec0a5 01:03:38.682 --> 01:03:42.010 Instead of having the. NOTE Confidence: 0.890989424285714 c3fdea40-53bb-4def-a270-5a327958e605 01:03:42.010 --> 01:03:44.186 Satellite signals tell us. NOTE Confidence: 0.890989424285714 7dfbc226-61d3-46b0-b187-a166256988fc 01:03:44.186 --> 01:03:45.818 Where we're located, NOTE Confidence: 0.890989424285714 41a1d2a5-bee4-4a61-8b8d-344fafdf05e4 01:03:45.820 --> 01:03:48.298 we actually look at the frequency. NOTE Confidence: 0.890989424285714 129fc4c5-7f3c-4cc1-8799-e56ebc98984b 01:03:48.300 --> 01:03:49.856 Essentially the wave itself, NOTE Confidence: 0.890989424285714 d0f82730-9b33-4ac1-b2e0-fcd009f3c1f0 01:03:49.856 --> 01:03:53.110 and we use the wave to figure out. NOTE Confidence: 0.890989424285714 ed31d9f5-de24-410a-a265-c7d1e4b109e9 01:03:53.110 --> 01:03:55.546 Where we are, where the the ground. NOTE Confidence: 0.890989424285714 cb1379e4-eaa6-48ea-b6f4-0d31a9a42224 01:03:55.550 --> 01:03:57.550 The station is an example. NOTE Confidence: 0.890989424285714 b1148762-fe9e-4b5a-84c6-4b14a4e8512a 01:03:57.550 --> 01:04:00.371 I could give would be let's say NOTE Confidence: 0.890989424285714 e15ea8a0-94ca-4709-8d2a-c93afdff7560 01:04:00.371 --> 01:04:02.770 you're listening to the radio and. NOTE Confidence: 0.890989424285714 9aaea094-6a66-4fff-bf36-bb6db4600a0a 01:04:02.770 --> 01:04:04.709 The DJ comes on and says hey, NOTE Confidence: 0.890989424285714 b7d24cc6-55d8-40dd-a5d1-612a8ce6df09 01:04:04.710 --> 01:04:05.778 this is this is. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 b92aa79f-86d1-456e-8986-ea5dfc9f82e1 01:04:10.290 --> 01:04:12.402 KYSKYNP in Gardner, Montana. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 45d7a8dd-6a17-4da2-ab25-5cfe12866c7f 01:04:12.402 --> 01:04:13.986 Well, they just told you NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 b0445813-e7ca-43d4-b632-d50b9172bfe1 01:04:13.986 --> 01:04:15.306 they were in Gardner Montana, NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 4fee80ee-fd59-45f1-b74e-d594b0fb7bd7 01:04:15.310 --> 01:04:17.564 but what if you listen to the NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 4f2ea81c-1994-45d3-888a-df394f53c0dd 01:04:17.564 --> 01:04:19.442 actual wave that the person's voice NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 d261b0a8-f6bb-43e9-9441-d34d0792cc18 01:04:19.442 --> 01:04:21.677 was carried on and you could use NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 06624df3-deae-4b0c-8f5a-492eaf95d5e7 01:04:21.677 --> 01:04:23.609 that wave to not only triangulate? NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 efb75a9f-ce6f-4d85-8dcf-bad20c19f969 01:04:23.610 --> 01:04:24.690 Yeah, OK, they're in Gardner. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 13fcecf0-bef6-448d-94f1-62dfee64c9a1 01:04:24.690 --> 01:04:27.063 You could figure out which room of NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 623ca12f-62ec-441b-ac76-c46335dcc3b9 01:04:27.063 --> 01:04:29.338 which building they were in in Gardner. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 2e3b6973-edc5-4aaa-821d-1301faac6b13 01:04:29.340 --> 01:04:30.980 That's sort of the way we use GPS. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 f5cb5025-aa3d-4085-be5a-02d36e1a139e 01:04:30.980 --> 01:04:33.248 We don't use the same signal that NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 fff44806-f57d-42bd-b425-98bb085b3b38 01:04:33.248 --> 01:04:35.417 phones and cars and so forth use. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 61b345dd-5dd2-4cc1-a157-ba2d34b023de 01:04:35.420 --> 01:04:40.624 We use the carrier of that signal to try NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 4e9b202e-e809-4753-8f5f-08ce4f58f5f1 01:04:40.624 --> 01:04:42.878 to figure out a more precise position. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 02533f5f-1241-4cd8-a7f3-168c1d72d805 01:04:42.880 --> 01:04:44.920 And so we're still. It's all the same. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 246f4116-74b5-4d04-9965-4732e620dd35 01:04:44.920 --> 01:04:46.376 The same stuff, basically. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 e76c42cd-0ec6-4e8b-b496-ad2fc75aeb00 01:04:46.376 --> 01:04:48.992 But we're we're doing a slightly different NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 50c18a71-705b-4e24-90b9-7c33be6fbd26 01:04:48.992 --> 01:04:51.904 type of position that allows us to get NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 7957d88a-b686-47f0-8c3a-8f388535c678 01:04:51.904 --> 01:04:53.817 millimeter scale accuracy with GPS. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 d6b5f994-1845-4748-b36c-436728838f5f 01:04:53.820 --> 01:04:56.406 It requires a lot of computational NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 5e40cbe1-5f9f-497a-b4f6-44d09519f39c 01:04:56.406 --> 01:04:57.434 processing and and tricks, NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 3559cd99-cba7-4aa9-8feb-c6ddfdd80a17 01:04:57.434 --> 01:04:59.082 so it I think the the radio analogy NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 35dee937-8e5e-4163-b35f-cf0835e0142c 01:04:59.082 --> 01:05:00.566 is the best one I've ever come NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 b59a8de2-34ad-43d6-adbf-3f8a9216ea48 01:05:00.566 --> 01:05:02.310 up with for how to try to explain NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 9dcaaa36-a6a1-4080-8f6a-f4ac5f469204 01:05:02.310 --> 01:05:04.540 what we're trying to do. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 7cf6fc04-f409-4e4b-a602-cbdedbfb6f57 01:05:04.540 --> 01:05:04.852 Gotcha. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 a8274215-03e5-4128-b4a0-b26e43dbece4 01:05:04.852 --> 01:05:07.036 And it's not the only way we NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 9face925-9c4e-420d-b867-04b94a1679c5 01:05:07.036 --> 01:05:08.169 measure deformation as well. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 ad22fbd4-7ab1-4965-9f3f-8c85bf224b11 01:05:08.170 --> 01:05:10.958 We also use satellite signals that NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 4d985122-a6c5-47c7-8057-0ebc8e59c9ae 01:05:10.958 --> 01:05:13.406 essentially take pictures like radar images, NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 8544f198-b096-4870-bcde-f7ab00ed6281 01:05:13.410 --> 01:05:14.730 and then we compare those overtime. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 9d6d310d-6dd2-44b4-9c66-5ce04dbefed2 01:05:14.730 --> 01:05:16.290 We can see the ground rising and falling, NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 1ad20ece-e228-4342-b1ea-7aab3decfe5f 01:05:16.290 --> 01:05:17.508 so there's a couple different ways NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 f4d5743c-4d89-4a85-b52e-73530bc74fa4 01:05:17.508 --> 01:05:19.024 we have for for measuring that and NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 a47dd95f-7423-43b7-9555-8ceb94dcc7b6 01:05:19.024 --> 01:05:20.507 going back in time, we did surveys. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 11f579f3-53a7-4dae-a48c-fd807b7640ea 01:05:20.507 --> 01:05:21.900 We did the same kinds of things NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 61bdf502-559e-41c6-8579-4a2f357e5a3a 01:05:21.948 --> 01:05:23.526 that you might see people out NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 2cb19ec2-a04d-4256-adf2-1024e0a41137 01:05:23.526 --> 01:05:24.578 surveying and construction site. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 848ee4cc-301a-4f07-b83d-3fb454ff3c8f 01:05:24.580 --> 01:05:26.085 We use those techniques to watch how NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 b3d4542e-37f7-48ea-9146-70385ca43b1e 01:05:26.085 --> 01:05:27.589 the ground is rising and falling, NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 218a77f9-f006-400e-8e66-2dce9b5f846b 01:05:27.590 --> 01:05:29.088 so there's a lot of different ways, NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 b78219dd-ed27-4576-a3b7-fe5c04512535 01:05:29.090 --> 01:05:31.442 but GPS is sort of our work NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 57c9cf43-beb3-4975-8bfa-74b3343fd892 01:05:31.442 --> 01:05:32.920 or course these days. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 d9f98ebd-7c84-45e4-b87b-cdcfd75a60ee 01:05:32.920 --> 01:05:34.660 OK. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 a78c29eb-1bd0-44d2-b97f-cfb61f8fa545 01:05:34.660 --> 01:05:36.809 Ben would like to know he goes. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 1f511341-2104-4670-9cec-1a99f1a60849 01:05:36.810 --> 01:05:39.972 I have a question about Frederick NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 0ddeca28-2d71-4171-8b86-7fc03072a142 01:05:39.972 --> 01:05:42.620 eruption and the associated excuse me NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 3301c21a-1e9e-4d84-87a8-84c54586dc84 01:05:42.620 --> 01:05:45.180 the associated hazards in the park. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 6410896e-e7c9-47f8-ab8e-8bc0cc964319 01:05:45.180 --> 01:05:47.308 Imagine we could go back in time NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 50904880-9d67-4c4a-b8b1-75ac16fafde9 01:05:47.308 --> 01:05:49.524 to the day before the explosion NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 8569043c-c60c-4d70-99c8-96109304fda9 01:05:49.524 --> 01:05:51.984 that created Indian Pond or any NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 ce99b162-4a02-42d0-85cd-a038d49e5059 01:05:51.984 --> 01:05:54.380 other explosive explosion crater. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 0698e991-168e-4db3-9aa7-be54fd6981ca 01:05:54.380 --> 01:05:56.935 What would we see at the site NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 308a28e6-fde2-4c18-aea8-210c4d2e5f8f 01:05:56.940 --> 01:06:00.072 and would there have been hypo NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 777163c1-6229-4453-8dce-2440ea7b9aca 01:06:00.072 --> 01:06:02.925 excuse me hydrothermal system with NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 7dd3e015-86ed-41f0-8654-a1d13bec6d3d 01:06:02.925 --> 01:06:04.947 active surface expression? NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 8fc39e20-5384-4223-ada5-e9be34309484 01:06:04.950 --> 01:06:07.510 Like the geyser basins at NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 b4d158e2-067d-4892-a6e5-4e5a39cc9899 01:06:07.510 --> 01:06:09.046 Sulphur Terrace today? NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 5c971fad-4ff8-40b5-afb0-f7834e876474 01:06:09.050 --> 01:06:11.360 Or would it have looked like NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 aed11b70-43e2-4e06-93cd-e4a78dfbbd04 01:06:11.360 --> 01:06:13.580 an inert patch of forest? NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 6fbcea86-e30d-4659-b921-7a34e67c1fdd 01:06:13.580 --> 01:06:13.874 OK, NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 619b4725-b3c0-45dd-8e57-7d0e0aadda5d 01:06:13.874 --> 01:06:15.050 so very good question. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 a036464b-a865-43b8-a45e-775f7dc5b38a 01:06:15.050 --> 01:06:17.498 I didn't talk much about hydrothermal NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 eafbcd22-755c-40f7-954f-1211c509514b 01:06:17.498 --> 01:06:18.722 explosions in Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 83a91b1c-74f6-4cf3-9b4d-691234ec54d9 01:06:18.730 --> 01:06:19.708 A phreatic explosions. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 e0c540a6-1cc8-4b5e-8d30-68384a2824a8 01:06:19.708 --> 01:06:21.338 These are basically steam explosions. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 254ab76e-8ccf-4322-89fa-1d1810000311 01:06:21.340 --> 01:06:23.150 They don't necessarily involve magma, NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 09b5b6fc-08f2-4029-9317-6b94e79661ec 01:06:23.150 --> 01:06:25.370 it's just water flashing to steam NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 84513fb6-2d14-4c3e-9c5f-e69dd08763d9 01:06:25.370 --> 01:06:26.850 and water flashes esteem. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 681dc942-d0d3-4d97-a4bd-5aac86027a76 01:06:26.850 --> 01:06:30.570 It expands really fast and. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 7e229e09-854f-4fed-8466-8796f8174750 01:06:30.570 --> 01:06:32.400 Blows up and so that's what NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 15ee0949-283e-4613-9295-cedbc45303ee 01:06:32.400 --> 01:06:33.620 we're seeing right here. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 804c2f92-9409-4272-a80e-c82cc351ea33 01:06:33.620 --> 01:06:35.030 This is Indian pond on the NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 22d838e4-3dfa-4ab5-9ffa-a1ae11261b25 01:06:35.030 --> 01:06:36.250 north side of Yellowstone Lake, NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 1687c463-af19-4f30-a085-fa0c3cba0688 01:06:36.250 --> 01:06:38.640 and in fact Mary Bay is one NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 bf4be45b-f7f2-49e1-aa98-844ba5b23b5a 01:06:38.640 --> 01:06:39.800 of these steam explosions. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 330affcd-dd5a-492e-a883-de1c048e704f 01:06:39.800 --> 01:06:41.942 Mary Bay is actually the largest steam NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 87ace0ad-ffdd-4739-b0f0-a5900a4149af 01:06:41.942 --> 01:06:44.320 explosion in the world that we know about. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 13055677-5dd5-4760-85b9-40d4ce354ff7 01:06:44.320 --> 01:06:46.816 It's about a mile and a half across, NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 e52776d7-1fb1-4773-9402-24b283a685f5 01:06:46.820 --> 01:06:50.220 so these were almost certainly. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 cf9fe033-a589-42f1-b297-975aa0f796b4 01:06:50.220 --> 01:06:51.166 Geyser basins. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 fa235c40-439b-4566-8d87-606d948243d8 01:06:51.166 --> 01:06:53.058 Prior to the explosions, NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 b0e478b5-04fa-4473-8cc8-b7684d3e923f 01:06:53.060 --> 01:06:54.788 we can see that in the debris that NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 d34fc110-3437-4f9d-b3c3-cd5770683a42 01:06:54.788 --> 01:06:56.372 came out that basically they're NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 7874d4da-c217-4a69-8b65-c4c71061195a 01:06:56.372 --> 01:06:57.836 blowing apart geyser basins, NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 0a28ab2d-ec87-4fcb-a4c9-2d7e4276c471 01:06:57.840 --> 01:06:59.226 some of them still are geyser basins. NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 7f94cb0c-8d6c-4692-8d71-bd83b30e2423 01:06:59.230 --> 01:07:01.190 There's some craters beneath NOTE Confidence: 0.77442195 7b428813-72bc-4f7b-9ce0-2f067e1f0b5b 01:07:01.190 --> 01:07:03.640 the waters of Yellowstone Lake. NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 dfc0548d-1a0d-40c7-af05-a73f0f40c1bf 01:07:03.640 --> 01:07:06.000 And where those craters are, we still NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 473b71d9-cf49-4825-b79f-dc1d4174b057 01:07:06.000 --> 01:07:08.349 see some some thermal activity today. NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 a44e514a-975f-4a60-985a-9f3fd959a569 01:07:08.349 --> 01:07:11.463 They tend to be in these neutral chloride NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 3f6ba499-f1ba-47c1-9717-46cbb0b5683f 01:07:11.463 --> 01:07:13.976 ones and ones that have the guys, NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 5d9e90e0-053e-4033-8bc6-473a399d2b10 01:07:13.980 --> 01:07:16.120 not necessarily the acid ones, NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 0bed9821-97e4-4dc3-9cfd-ab5b996a3033 01:07:16.120 --> 01:07:18.195 because the answer was already NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 99488e7a-9890-42ff-b0be-23b4db814351 01:07:18.195 --> 01:07:19.855 gassy right there already. NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 d7760528-e248-483b-985b-2ba483b863a1 01:07:19.860 --> 01:07:22.555 Lots of gas that's coming out there NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 d8ff4639-b0a9-4a16-a126-f49a1668b09f 01:07:22.555 --> 01:07:24.448 whereas the neutral chloride ones NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 2aa73e0d-df00-412d-8226-33bebf01429b 01:07:24.448 --> 01:07:26.940 the neutral to basic ones are fluids. NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 ad86950d-e757-49c9-8135-c15d8eb02078 01:07:26.940 --> 01:07:29.749 And if you want to generate a large steam NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 cbbe3d91-5e5d-4473-83f9-b0d75260b14e 01:07:29.749 --> 01:07:32.501 explosion you need to move that fluid from NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 591bc9e4-1fb9-4ac5-af1c-e6f42db6ae98 01:07:32.501 --> 01:07:34.957 water to steam as quickly as possible. NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 c7f02c34-cc41-4afb-8d90-aa37d8a891c1 01:07:34.960 --> 01:07:36.220 Then it expands very quickly, NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 070b2cc0-386c-4700-9093-8b60d25913ba 01:07:36.220 --> 01:07:38.084 so these phreatic explosions NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 881e4580-e0ef-4384-931d-048e375e85b5 01:07:38.084 --> 01:07:39.948 are basically like super. NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 6023ea22-4922-48be-a16b-900200c5e1bd 01:07:39.950 --> 01:07:42.366 No, I can't believe I just said that. NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 3fe5038b-fa1b-4088-9756-26672c077816 01:07:42.370 --> 01:07:44.860 Epic Geyser eruptions, NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 6050ed84-258d-4238-8fe0-8967f3764434 01:07:44.860 --> 01:07:46.524 but they can be huge and and they NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 7278c104-d228-4161-b36d-00ca7a63ecfc 01:07:46.524 --> 01:07:48.437 are a real hazard in Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 8f763845-8ed5-401a-8c7d-53c951d63b6a 01:07:48.440 --> 01:07:50.720 They happen every year, NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 45a10a80-c6a8-4c10-92e0-279874dfec02 01:07:50.720 --> 01:07:53.610 give or take to very small extent. NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 c8920bd3-72df-41ef-a32d-9cc2f5d9dce5 01:07:53.610 --> 01:07:55.893 The big ones there have been a dozen NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 6b2a5ef7-dc5d-4eda-b027-228d1ad4c462 01:07:55.893 --> 01:07:57.685 or so big ones which are a few NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 9db9b378-0765-4615-a37d-df5d30c724b9 01:07:57.750 --> 01:07:59.736 hundred feet or more across that NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 e2f0cd50-0969-45a8-a1f7-7270f34fa622 01:07:59.736 --> 01:08:01.849 have happened since the last Ice Age, NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 b3d9a1b9-bc72-4880-8945-fbcb36a9088e 01:08:01.849 --> 01:08:03.164 so they probably looked like NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 e42cfe6f-fa13-4f7a-ad7a-1ff5f9be5004 01:08:03.164 --> 01:08:04.639 geyser basins when they happened, NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 e20cd914-3279-422f-8ac7-e00b8c8b5915 01:08:04.640 --> 01:08:05.968 not just random areas. NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 1f7df028-b3fb-4850-a241-bd6f33a031a9 01:08:05.968 --> 01:08:08.399 And it was that water flash into NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 f87c4179-5f9d-4310-a685-bb8bc00ae772 01:08:08.399 --> 01:08:10.619 steam that caused them to explode. NOTE Confidence: 0.87460775 86706ab4-e39a-4add-b1c8-53133b602c86 01:08:10.620 --> 01:08:11.280 Good question. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 308621c3-d958-43cd-8992-c33f1d0f7b75 01:08:13.800 --> 01:08:16.160 Yeah, these questions are NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 acf67e10-a67f-419e-8c17-0cbcb6319cb2 01:08:16.160 --> 01:08:18.254 amazing and they keep coming. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 d3404fac-ec05-4647-bfca-91f739151f19 01:08:18.254 --> 01:08:20.510 Somebody wants to know if there's NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 00caf65f-7b36-4dc1-bff8-530a951cd2fe 01:08:20.581 --> 01:08:22.356 an eruption in the future. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 2c66ac69-41a0-4bee-a037-84a1d224fe60 01:08:22.360 --> 01:08:24.859 Will look more likely be to the NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 18b1985c-3b15-46f4-909f-2fe75ddab2eb 01:08:24.859 --> 01:08:26.948 Northeast because of the way the NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 ddfc449a-3546-4f33-93a1-28c4331ef68e 01:08:26.948 --> 01:08:29.160 crust is moving over the hot spot. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 efc397b9-83e9-45dc-b2e8-66af9b3ae474 01:08:29.160 --> 01:08:30.388 Alright, another good question, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 4aa00971-8966-45e6-bf26-d86d335af585 01:08:30.388 --> 01:08:31.923 and we don't really know, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 9d326bd6-cc7d-4e0d-8b4b-af8b01138b34 01:08:31.930 --> 01:08:33.664 so the thought here is that NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 52e71126-d8b2-4ecb-b6ae-d53f000ba3e3 01:08:33.664 --> 01:08:35.223 as the North American plate NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 daee297f-7105-4417-8fb7-d4c4982150af 01:08:35.223 --> 01:08:36.898 is moving in this direction, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 d9ffebee-5f3a-42fd-87ef-f7504808b075 01:08:36.900 --> 01:08:38.535 that means the next Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 fb9e98c0-1b8d-4bbe-850e-feda20652bd7 01:08:38.535 --> 01:08:40.500 eruption might happen out in here. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 69fc4a86-a102-4bd3-954d-88e781c4d49e 01:08:40.500 --> 01:08:41.410 Certainly possible. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 a4bd497a-2eb0-4261-a6a3-621311a192e1 01:08:41.410 --> 01:08:44.140 We don't know whether the current NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 d22ee500-ed97-41ce-baeb-dd2486162d30 01:08:44.140 --> 01:08:46.069 Yellowstone system is done or not, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 7aa20c24-dd50-4446-8bbe-2ae84038963a 01:08:46.070 --> 01:08:48.626 and in our short lifespans we NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 b129b31f-6b3d-455e-b636-5b3ade8a6c04 01:08:48.626 --> 01:08:50.790 probably won't ever really know, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 3fd790f5-a8a9-4063-ad0f-316b1d2a674d 01:08:50.790 --> 01:08:52.757 but it's possible that things are sort NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 97565477-d851-4213-b8de-e0b58ba72ec3 01:08:52.757 --> 01:08:54.916 of moving on one of the challenges NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 da1b2e9a-9e6b-437f-9e00-707735613555 01:08:54.916 --> 01:08:56.800 though knowing whether or not we'll NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 9340ad4e-86df-471c-a177-cbcdd36943ed 01:08:56.862 --> 01:08:59.067 ever see anything to the Northeast here. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 f59ef340-9a24-4132-8733-b6b1a8d7245c 01:08:59.070 --> 01:09:00.534 Is that we're getting into some NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 77d6b306-bb07-4126-81e2-0a58fd2bdd6b 01:09:00.534 --> 01:09:01.510 much thicker continental crust. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 613a4c2b-0693-4650-8c46-21bd1c0855e4 01:09:01.510 --> 01:09:03.870 The crust through this area is the part NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 0420ac04-83fa-4266-8c0f-3b0993e6d435 01:09:03.870 --> 01:09:06.280 that's being extended to being pulled apart. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 41b19edf-732d-4061-bd3b-b354140c793d 01:09:06.280 --> 01:09:09.682 And so it's thinner once you get NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 9e12e536-42d1-459b-9299-8368c5c9ecb5 01:09:09.682 --> 01:09:12.100 past the Beartooth absaraka. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 0b7f6c56-6c7c-4f93-b5b3-7a45bfdd2f17 01:09:12.100 --> 01:09:13.876 This sort of volcanic ranges right? NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 3d760bcc-866d-42e3-8b8f-b7b812d7f448 01:09:13.880 --> 01:09:15.026 Or the old volcanic ranges right? NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 12e26915-a982-4e9e-949a-68c1a41f1eac 01:09:15.030 --> 01:09:17.406 In here you get into much NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 fe471d8d-de3b-437c-9644-5beedb2ea63d 01:09:17.406 --> 01:09:18.594 thicker continental crust. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 b4a13c0f-52cf-40ab-80e9-1e8ef8d38b0f 01:09:18.600 --> 01:09:20.504 It's unclear whether or not the hot NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 f2a70a77-3344-426c-b29f-d2f2b910a793 01:09:20.504 --> 01:09:23.010 spot will be able to burn through that NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 20f21cf7-ae18-47b8-9d90-68f83ebe4edf 01:09:23.010 --> 01:09:25.770 thicker crust before the plate moves on, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 bcc02aab-9b5a-45d0-a8a1-cba0ed0d1b5a 01:09:25.770 --> 01:09:28.772 so we don't know whether Yellowstone will NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 373318e1-fe09-4c55-b79f-882782c6fd80 01:09:28.772 --> 01:09:31.096 ever have activity off to the Northeast, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 be18bd4b-15ef-465e-a9e7-260958645194 01:09:31.100 --> 01:09:33.820 or whether this crust is just too thick. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 88c3ded0-7ba9-4820-87a1-6e240448114f 01:09:33.820 --> 01:09:35.330 So some people have suggested NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 9e3b69be-9436-4a69-a392-b0b0189470ef 01:09:35.330 --> 01:09:36.840 that the fact that the. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 d83f4d9f-1b00-4897-807b-401fb5ab5423 01:09:36.840 --> 01:09:39.070 Time between big eruptions super NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 94842f40-c73b-484f-b439-732b8a5361fc 01:09:39.070 --> 01:09:40.854 eruptions is getting longer. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 e1eb40ba-63cc-4eb0-bd1a-1531978ddbba 01:09:40.860 --> 01:09:42.260 Might mean that as it's coming closer NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 82f627b5-38f2-483e-957a-dfc421ccc1d5 01:09:42.260 --> 01:09:43.608 and closer to the thicker crust, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 95450d85-65e8-47d2-a353-ab7de067ee31 01:09:43.610 --> 01:09:44.600 it's having a harder time, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 656bfb09-ccfb-43db-ae7b-fd3ff01ad68e 01:09:44.600 --> 01:09:46.380 but that sort of speculation. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 5213f350-c7db-4e1c-bfe5-ed739c10fd84 01:09:46.380 --> 01:09:46.864 So yeah, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 51c49fc6-7ab5-47ad-9c6e-63ea1f45241b 01:09:46.864 --> 01:09:48.074 reasonable to think that the NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 5c1686b4-908c-40d8-b0f5-1918e369153b 01:09:48.074 --> 01:09:49.479 next thing might happen appear, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 8f3bdba0-c8f5-4860-bdc3-f41804cc4aae 01:09:49.480 --> 01:09:51.370 but we don't know whether. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 09c52912-775a-458a-9c91-9bfe19cce23a 01:09:51.370 --> 01:09:53.164 Whether the system will be able NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 3253ecd5-6cea-4185-8f8e-1cdb668d3a74 01:09:53.164 --> 01:09:55.049 to burn through that much crust? NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 d1feffd4-872f-4568-ae1f-9133b166a8b5 01:09:55.050 --> 01:09:56.546 Awesome, excellent. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 8f2bafcc-dbbb-439a-8343-7ac6cf227afa 01:09:56.546 --> 01:10:00.186 Christian wants to know you mentioned NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 190326f3-0ba6-467a-8fbc-eb5c03dd7c89 01:10:00.186 --> 01:10:02.124 that most of the earthquakes are NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 0d5496e2-59db-4f6c-9167-3655563a6ac9 01:10:02.124 --> 01:10:04.816 caused by the water getting into the NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 dfaeef96-ed36-44ec-a4ae-01bddf904ab9 01:10:04.816 --> 01:10:06.404 pre-existing fault faulting system. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 fd1b32cc-9828-4e0d-85ea-ce469debed6c 01:10:06.410 --> 01:10:08.510 What could be other sources NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 f50d52a7-ce4e-46c3-bcab-9196cf0453d5 01:10:08.510 --> 01:10:10.610 of seismicity in the area? NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 2af41f53-a44c-41ec-a01c-91c46220518f 01:10:10.610 --> 01:10:11.465 Well, of course, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 f4c26ab4-0d58-48b9-a6e7-ac8eee6670a9 01:10:11.465 --> 01:10:12.605 another source of seismicity, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 a2ac7ab6-7750-426e-a5fc-d75aef530cb8 01:10:12.610 --> 01:10:14.908 Nelson could be magma moving around, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 58a8b657-f576-401a-98fb-a5f395f3774f 01:10:14.910 --> 01:10:16.842 and we do know that at times NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 988baed8-85e9-43e8-b657-a380edfe6f75 01:10:16.842 --> 01:10:18.180 magma does move around. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 dde207d5-7c76-4ee3-a1ef-fcca8d39e3d0 01:10:18.180 --> 01:10:20.616 So for example, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 7e2f5341-056a-4eb5-9721-f047c7bd3c77 01:10:20.616 --> 01:10:24.358 in 1996 the Norris area started to NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 275af04f-9701-468d-b699-2a6dd4f55ead 01:10:24.358 --> 01:10:26.348 uplift and we saw this not with GPS, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 f8a07d0b-ab95-415d-a1df-5f1741042c3d 01:10:26.350 --> 01:10:27.262 'cause at the time we didn't NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 a7bcb367-4824-44e6-aff8-3c167de53b2c 01:10:27.262 --> 01:10:28.150 have GPS in the region. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 be7acc36-663c-44bc-9082-142c8aa3a375 01:10:28.150 --> 01:10:30.538 We saw it with satellite radar. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 7d2e411e-81b0-4401-9144-712eb1ded49b 01:10:30.540 --> 01:10:34.036 And that uplift lasted until the early 2000s, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 caa0f9b4-e40f-40dc-b356-f2298024c5c5 01:10:34.040 --> 01:10:35.590 and then it stopped and NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 30966153-cab7-472c-ba35-f6887f5aa443 01:10:35.590 --> 01:10:36.644 infected it back down. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 39b706e0-a15d-4908-b329-eeea7480e8c7 01:10:36.644 --> 01:10:38.242 A little bit that uplift. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 64871203-ab06-45e7-b021-dafaafc9022a 01:10:38.242 --> 01:10:41.224 Appears to have been a magmatic intrusion NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 81f5529b-89fa-4309-b58c-aabf5385fa25 01:10:41.224 --> 01:10:44.250 that happened about 10 miles deep or so. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 5603c627-e144-4476-b6bb-fd32902d6596 01:10:44.250 --> 01:10:46.196 And that that magma system may have NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 ea437e6c-09cc-4b13-990f-94195f4962d9 01:10:46.196 --> 01:10:47.699 ultimately led to some shallower NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 b885d14c-d7bf-43ba-a676-e0fd37480a00 01:10:47.699 --> 01:10:49.224 uplift and subsidence in the NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 fa351ebc-11cd-46f2-9f52-3cba92afc94f 01:10:49.224 --> 01:10:50.980 Norris area in the years past, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 6f5029c6-9dfc-42c5-8a9d-ac98d7e97034 01:10:50.980 --> 01:10:52.460 even up to today. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 8ee9c346-8deb-4ad2-bb38-63a7b10246d3 01:10:52.460 --> 01:10:54.310 That's caused mostly by water, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 898d8131-5cb3-491f-8aed-2131939992bf 01:10:54.310 --> 01:10:55.794 and we know that based on the NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 10a2a0b4-4d1a-4d83-a607-51b124ebb67c 01:10:55.794 --> 01:10:57.148 shape of the deformation that NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 ad7bb531-abcc-4214-b544-1247e8848d3e 01:10:57.148 --> 01:10:58.808 the depth of the deformation, NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 240f2f26-bf43-4dca-9cb3-7f9dd33b09e4 01:10:58.810 --> 01:11:02.044 and just how fast things turn around. NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 01f09013-c96c-4474-a712-93683738a39c 01:11:02.050 --> 01:11:05.207 So an interesting example of that is NOTE Confidence: 0.92416021 480394ec-96b7-416f-9a62-97276a1335f4 01:11:05.207 --> 01:11:08.586 let's see if I can find that plot. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 9e432e2a-ed13-48b3-b6a5-0270effc8913 01:11:08.590 --> 01:11:11.860 There was some neat uplift. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 350311fc-6cb9-4cda-9b36-fa3c1093d49e 01:11:11.860 --> 01:11:13.756 In Yellowstone, in the Norris area, NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 f860a192-cd12-4b26-b303-bf115866f97e 01:11:13.760 --> 01:11:16.100 right here in 2013 to 2014, NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 26071450-f855-4f54-be0a-b50480c1f89f 01:11:16.100 --> 01:11:17.412 this was very rapid. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 82191735-983a-4290-a41c-772319b92ae3 01:11:17.412 --> 01:11:18.780 I mean, it doesn't look like much, NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 cc172747-0b82-4584-b47f-3ce45b763cbb 01:11:18.780 --> 01:11:20.670 it was only a few inches, NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 13a0dda5-030a-4fee-8ef4-a6293119a15f 01:11:20.670 --> 01:11:22.710 but it was quite rapid for NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 08917183-352a-4fa3-a34e-964a9e5f83b1 01:11:22.710 --> 01:11:24.630 Yellowstone and right at the top NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 888659a0-4ef1-44bf-a8d2-e84e691e3ec8 01:11:24.630 --> 01:11:27.418 right at this peak of uplift there NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 12ad05f0-7bb7-4a08-a8d3-cbf6fc95a0a1 01:11:27.418 --> 01:11:29.630 was a magnitude 4.8 earthquake. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 4fbae2b7-aff8-4571-aac6-46667cd731ab 01:11:29.630 --> 01:11:31.355 There's the largest earthquake in NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 aaec64dc-8779-45de-807b-55a593bdadd6 01:11:31.355 --> 01:11:34.400 Yellowstone in decades the next day. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 eee3c999-5e6d-43ae-a244-05278648e127 01:11:34.400 --> 01:11:36.060 North started to go down. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 b9532a13-218f-49ca-90fa-48495828271b 01:11:36.060 --> 01:11:39.175 It was as if water was backing NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 cf0c469e-1b72-453f-92f6-9f270d91a3f3 01:11:39.175 --> 01:11:42.160 up behind a valve like a closed NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 1ef9b893-6f3b-4a19-a583-49c45e5bba95 01:11:42.160 --> 01:11:43.630 valve and then that valve broken. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 0df7f012-54c6-44d5-a0e7-ec3d75be1d90 01:11:43.630 --> 01:11:45.052 That was the earthquake and the NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 66e1c685-a912-4eeb-bb5c-53fd63f6ce8d 01:11:45.052 --> 01:11:46.767 water was able to drain out so NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 247861d9-fb5b-4555-8c31-bbc7c886cea2 01:11:46.767 --> 01:11:48.189 the water pumped up the ground. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 0f2df695-45ce-4b13-ad9b-a130781bd071 01:11:48.190 --> 01:11:51.180 Busted valve water drained out. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 45913197-c3b7-4823-b978-3c347fff5383 01:11:51.180 --> 01:11:55.527 So magma is moving around at sometimes. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 ec2ee9ed-f918-4095-9bb0-1c60f325f127 01:11:55.530 --> 01:11:58.190 And and that can cause some earthquakes NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 0f3ee791-1efc-428c-95e8-9934d49067ff 01:11:58.190 --> 01:12:00.933 and there is still the I say the NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 d9e52f4e-0aa8-423f-9893-5cdbab6c5db4 01:12:00.933 --> 01:12:03.042 swarm that we have the biggest NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 ab4f5f72-5b73-4001-8011-bc60be879862 01:12:03.042 --> 01:12:05.422 question about happened in 2009, NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 42721a0f-312d-4465-ad33-670b00278a87 01:12:05.422 --> 01:12:06.990 2010 in Yellowstone Lake. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 2ada9d76-16e0-4dd2-996c-25e319b79fff 01:12:06.990 --> 01:12:08.726 There was an earthquake swarm and this NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 2e2b6a22-dd12-42cb-9a92-70f27a136c45 01:12:08.726 --> 01:12:10.777 is the only swarm that was associated NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 728ea3ac-5ef4-4db6-a9e8-3e04b8a04d49 01:12:10.777 --> 01:12:12.347 with deformation of the ground. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 13f5a2b7-5763-4dbf-9545-c1cf35de2048 01:12:12.350 --> 01:12:13.694 So there was a swarm of NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 6634e3f7-33a9-45f3-850a-3dba7ba42ccc 01:12:13.694 --> 01:12:14.366 earthquakes that occurred. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 cd309a98-bed9-43fb-aca6-915f020b7dad 01:12:14.370 --> 01:12:17.258 So little line right in here and we NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 eaac4f1b-fbe2-4ea5-9587-d2f387094a46 01:12:17.258 --> 01:12:20.628 saw a slight bulging of the ground, NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 c8ed93c5-04e0-40c0-bad7-b19b33a2d398 01:12:20.630 --> 01:12:22.004 and so that would suggest that NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 aabad172-e373-4c70-8dbd-2af763f4537d 01:12:22.004 --> 01:12:23.567 something was pushing in there and and NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 3ec6b80b-01ef-432b-b54f-81a5e8df7e72 01:12:23.567 --> 01:12:24.967 pushing the ground out of the way. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 e0a34651-99ce-4338-8398-9fbd0ba658c4 01:12:24.970 --> 01:12:25.850 It's possible. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 0a0d481c-d53d-4161-a757-de6e65c8caa7 01:12:25.850 --> 01:12:28.050 Such magma it's possible it NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 74ae9ecf-07f9-47bd-bda7-2e7dea1926cb 01:12:28.050 --> 01:12:30.340 was water we don't know, NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 022a1926-2706-4467-8f2a-6544fe9d15f4 01:12:30.340 --> 01:12:32.060 so there are potential for a few of NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 7a991df0-9803-4d8d-bec8-370cbb47cd2d 01:12:32.060 --> 01:12:33.903 these forms to be caused by magma moving NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 4ff220d9-a1b8-4a97-9309-a464dad48346 01:12:33.903 --> 01:12:35.600 around 'cause we know it's down there. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 0c0b7fe6-bc0f-4e93-92be-0d2a52520607 01:12:35.600 --> 01:12:37.644 We know that there are some magmatic NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 018d1c2b-5b1f-4262-97ee-f8bec0b0759b 01:12:37.644 --> 01:12:39.469 intrusions that happen from time to time. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 0a25d5bc-cdfb-47ea-8cdc-6d5dd6090b1f 01:12:39.470 --> 01:12:40.690 So that's another source, NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 53b1baf9-49e6-4f1f-8fcb-5bde6166fae9 01:12:40.690 --> 01:12:43.270 but really the the bulk of the seismicity NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 ff3bfabb-154c-4c96-965f-011b7d9d48d7 01:12:43.270 --> 01:12:45.657 appears to be driven by water moving NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 43010b26-fe7b-4e32-b709-69286ec1fcf9 01:12:45.657 --> 01:12:47.527 around in these existing faults. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 c4dce294-800f-4a1e-a7b9-d1ab385cd7d1 01:12:47.530 --> 01:12:51.298 OK, someone had asked earlier. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 921893d3-ef3f-4336-9779-b9c1863e14a1 01:12:51.298 --> 01:12:55.111 Is there any connection between the Cynthia NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 1c6404de-6c9c-43da-aa2d-7bd9d1d2cfc5 01:12:55.111 --> 01:12:58.236 landform and the Yellowstone caldera? NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 d07dc6d9-8d2f-4472-af75-924c5f760dd5 01:12:58.240 --> 01:12:58.520 Uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 21fa600d-30e5-4239-977a-cf3ddd89c4f7 01:12:58.520 --> 01:13:00.200 let's see which what was the. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 da1d8b6d-9954-4767-89a3-35d113b542dd 01:13:00.200 --> 01:13:01.680 What was the other landform? NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 ddb3c800-e28d-46a6-969d-d9c951420985 01:13:01.680 --> 01:13:04.200 So let's see. NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 ec71ae5c-9eb8-493c-aaca-04ee912cefaa 01:13:04.200 --> 01:13:04.690 OK, NOTE Confidence: 0.961287068 ef8a7b3d-0934-420c-a0fc-39e00e1e0939 01:13:04.690 --> 01:13:07.630 so that is this terrain that's. NOTE Confidence: 0.915337636153846 edc4272d-9c4c-4f0a-ac6c-a97e945bb032 01:13:09.720 --> 01:13:11.704 Well, I I hope I hope I know NOTE Confidence: 0.915337636153846 62ba49f8-d4d2-4092-b2e0-15e02051d3a0 01:13:11.704 --> 01:13:13.548 what I'm talking about here. NOTE Confidence: 0.915337636153846 eca7f9ed-ded1-4529-aeab-41377995fde7 01:13:13.550 --> 01:13:15.572 I believe it's the landform that NOTE Confidence: 0.915337636153846 18d17846-bab9-4183-b18c-711029cc868e 01:13:15.572 --> 01:13:18.233 sort of in the the forearc area NOTE Confidence: 0.915337636153846 b792b612-903b-4e78-bce8-faeec30c181f 01:13:18.233 --> 01:13:20.293 of the Pacific Northwest and. NOTE Confidence: 0.915337636153846 fe6f022c-bc11-4d8f-bc42-78e35b6d0fae 01:13:20.300 --> 01:13:22.140 And yes, this is some of that stuff NOTE Confidence: 0.915337636153846 2282e950-1a7b-429f-9c53-d88f9adf825f 01:13:22.140 --> 01:13:23.693 that looks like it probably was NOTE Confidence: 0.915337636153846 eb9b15c9-fd9e-4e42-81ce-4f198c541528 01:13:23.693 --> 01:13:25.253 part of the Elston hotspot when NOTE Confidence: 0.915337636153846 337f2306-0a5f-453f-952e-01b1e7390114 01:13:25.307 --> 01:13:27.099 it was in the area of Northern NOTE Confidence: 0.915337636153846 77cbb73c-4f83-4531-afdf-d5c318cf604a 01:13:27.099 --> 01:13:28.830 California and the entire. NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 77e1cd84-9ca8-4be7-86eb-3df299d71287 01:13:30.840 --> 01:13:32.608 Coast Pacific Northwest coast, NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 941a9198-5a79-4ae8-8e63-9306788502a6 01:13:32.608 --> 01:13:33.934 especially in Oregon, NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 8bd549fe-92cc-4006-814d-70e0ba1a2693 01:13:33.940 --> 01:13:36.388 is undergoing some very strange tectonic NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 cf26d15c-62e7-430f-9a41-2e64af243fe3 01:13:36.388 --> 01:13:38.706 motion and it's carrying rocks that NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 48fd5cce-15e0-4a87-9253-9c0a1769e789 01:13:38.706 --> 01:13:40.855 formed down here up to the north. NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 bd5a0758-5099-48f3-b68a-e242c49d2236 01:13:40.860 --> 01:13:44.340 So a lot of the terrain in here. NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 4570d143-644c-47ee-a3cf-83bfae423746 01:13:44.340 --> 01:13:46.600 Actually has a Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 24e888df-281c-4a95-a837-469d761f0a35 01:13:46.600 --> 01:13:48.295 Geo chemical signature. NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 1226409f-1215-491a-be10-5ee47c7b3bba 01:13:48.300 --> 01:13:49.640 But it doesn't appear like NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 b695a6da-e034-4d0a-8b54-9a9c75447327 01:13:49.640 --> 01:13:51.419 this nice line of cold air is. NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 b8cd4bb1-0954-4066-875a-a167ff23936d 01:13:51.420 --> 01:13:53.205 It's smeared out because of NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 1d369012-3bda-43fe-9027-207941e422da 01:13:53.205 --> 01:13:54.633 all that tectonic motion, NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 f57b96de-4adb-4bcd-831c-f829c453c3e1 01:13:54.640 --> 01:13:56.302 so there does appear to be NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 a0af9c46-d4c4-4efb-bb40-36c5ad8b537b 01:13:56.302 --> 01:13:57.760 a yellow signature in here, NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 cad891f4-5808-444b-96fc-35838cfa9d4e 01:13:57.760 --> 01:13:59.250 and some of these rocks, NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 b04b3f57-9540-4ba0-b5a9-45e48c9b10b6 01:13:59.250 --> 01:14:01.357 but it just doesn't look like this NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 ef6ee540-3bf2-4ab9-bf64-03845f631a35 01:14:01.357 --> 01:14:03.449 nice clean trend of caldera systems NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 43182aac-4e34-47d8-bd74-0e15519aae67 01:14:03.449 --> 01:14:05.693 that we've had since McDermott formed. NOTE Confidence: 0.92512803 2fd97679-376b-414b-9281-e657c12f2b9d 01:14:05.700 --> 01:14:07.170 16 or so many years ago. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 170ac1e4-1f44-49c9-a386-0ef2e0f1865e 01:14:11.060 --> 01:14:14.700 OK. Alright, let's see what our NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 57991844-3518-4002-9b0c-5aefd5ea97f0 01:14:14.700 --> 01:14:16.952 next one is here. Let's see. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 30edb793-dce1-423b-b28c-9e7a664a08f9 01:14:16.952 --> 01:14:20.354 Avery says if an eruption was imminent NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 31202b91-15e6-4c48-844a-c9a4b8284cf9 01:14:20.354 --> 01:14:23.522 with would there be anything we as NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 55a9de18-cbc0-4ee8-abda-cf2e376980ea 01:14:23.522 --> 01:14:26.780 humans could do to slow or stop it? NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 057e2c1c-9493-4d23-bbdd-c0af38400189 01:14:26.780 --> 01:14:30.506 And if yes, what would you want to do? NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 22c1dc69-cd62-4943-b514-5833295a3cb7 01:14:30.510 --> 01:14:32.436 Well, would you want it to NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 665f9099-575f-4645-a5ee-89d9424d943f 01:14:32.436 --> 01:14:34.620 make sure to run its course? NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 bcf923b1-18e5-47e9-92b3-ae928b7ded1b 01:14:34.620 --> 01:14:35.502 Fun fun question. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 ee87c839-8732-474d-a56a-12a9dbfcc037 01:14:35.502 --> 01:14:37.266 'cause we sometimes talk about like NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 51bce65b-b464-407f-833a-5efc9dd9cf40 01:14:37.266 --> 01:14:38.915 diverting lava flows and there's a NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 508d0355-2d72-49b3-bd67-e7f63674a0f2 01:14:38.915 --> 01:14:40.493 real debate there about whether you NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 2c2a925f-a01a-4d5b-8c65-e7326cbbc142 01:14:40.493 --> 01:14:42.026 should divert a lava flow or let NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 1ee6332d-9dcd-4f03-a0ba-850bd0eb483e 01:14:42.026 --> 01:14:44.020 nature run its course in the Elvis. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 3ad2ad27-3a0c-4ecc-afc6-3571552d0dc6 01:14:44.020 --> 01:14:45.090 There's nothing we could do. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 115f6847-e206-48ff-ad12-1de18bde84d6 01:14:45.090 --> 01:14:45.658 There's no. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 a0c0809a-e905-412a-907b-cf09239c3551 01:14:45.658 --> 01:14:47.930 Every and I and I know there are NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 7bbd3db4-61d8-4000-8386-6deca45d02fa 01:14:47.999 --> 01:14:50.034 suggestions out there and and NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 6ddebf3f-07ed-4e78-92c2-a96c0f3f9fcd 01:14:50.034 --> 01:14:52.069 the latest suggestion that's been NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 4bea4ed3-8f4f-4acf-981e-f4a16b722052 01:14:52.137 --> 01:14:54.393 around for a few years now is well, NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 fa9e3efb-123e-41c9-850f-2a5263ee8b6a 01:14:54.400 --> 01:14:56.776 why don't we drill into Yellowstone? NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 1655521b-7383-4c61-8f2d-575aa083da3c 01:14:56.780 --> 01:14:58.652 And pump cold water in there NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 11d81b23-f31e-4e02-8798-f27ad727f3e4 01:14:58.652 --> 01:15:00.949 and cool off the magma chamber. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 7223fdc2-761d-435b-a0bc-5c7cecc1e44c 01:15:00.950 --> 01:15:02.480 And this was actually a proposal NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 97af1656-b2e5-4685-bc17-b4195b2957bc 01:15:02.480 --> 01:15:04.273 that was made by an engineer who NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 a20a1252-f878-4f7b-a290-23b0bf08d732 01:15:04.273 --> 01:15:05.946 does some work for NASA and it NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 76fdf77f-3316-4d81-a313-4dd816ab3d40 01:15:06.005 --> 01:15:07.643 kind of went viral because it got NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 ed826254-479f-4231-b706-f47fbdce7f8e 01:15:07.643 --> 01:15:10.250 sent out to the BBC and and it. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 7324a155-3bae-4ea5-87e4-4c7165371f62 01:15:10.250 --> 01:15:12.270 It sort of took on a life of its own, NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 219a96f9-0d73-47a6-ae27-438fc5584b61 01:15:12.270 --> 01:15:13.608 but that wouldn't work and there's NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 d7db3a36-27b1-4e4b-979c-8fccbabae247 01:15:13.608 --> 01:15:15.235 a few reasons why one is that NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 cf277bcc-a5cc-4b41-ad84-16a236b9d342 01:15:15.235 --> 01:15:16.390 the calculation that the engineer NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 3feaed78-0eb4-456b-a157-8e5c7a8c7d4a 01:15:16.390 --> 01:15:18.011 did sort of back of the envelope NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 40ef439c-7714-411e-8d77-2918cd4288d8 01:15:18.011 --> 01:15:19.346 thing and he never accounted for NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 ae8b285f-7046-4af7-b321-7b98f81f2b57 01:15:19.346 --> 01:15:20.642 the fact that there's more heat NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 8b9106ad-4b40-4a47-a4cf-662c671ffeff 01:15:20.642 --> 01:15:21.630 coming into the system. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 4949a4d6-bed3-4877-a2ba-996331c17934 01:15:21.630 --> 01:15:24.684 So it's sort of like trying to cool NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 942f0b83-4b99-49da-870e-a0a9f92f6618 01:15:24.684 --> 01:15:27.362 off a pot of boiling water by pouring NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 8eeeb9e1-902e-4dc6-b488-3725cca5ff9d 01:15:27.362 --> 01:15:29.810 little bits of cold water into the top, NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 dc22eda9-fb0c-48d6-95e3-692c50dbac5c 01:15:29.810 --> 01:15:32.228 but not turning off the burner. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 aaf5d255-b306-4f59-b22c-bc99b6088abb 01:15:32.230 --> 01:15:34.870 Heat sources is there. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 bf121eb6-bad3-438a-baf0-fabf5373fbfc 01:15:34.870 --> 01:15:37.066 It would be a massive expense NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 7ba1d442-5fe0-46a6-b8b9-e9c8bdd40f19 01:15:37.070 --> 01:15:38.222 and wouldn't work. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 a4ea7d4a-1961-4481-9d80-dd6cf1edd570 01:15:38.222 --> 01:15:40.142 You'd have the potential for NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 1e88c472-7708-4197-a057-67d4593a0a75 01:15:40.142 --> 01:15:41.960 harming all of the geysers. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 571328fd-0b81-4af4-a390-4d1b0e7fff12 01:15:41.960 --> 01:15:42.432 I mean, NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 8414ec10-b080-4b50-92c2-cc7e1cc6517b 01:15:42.432 --> 01:15:43.848 imagine if old faithful shut off NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 7b5bab7e-2e40-4348-8cfc-ee9a54f749d1 01:15:43.848 --> 01:15:45.254 because you drilled a hole and NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 0d54cf16-2116-4170-8bba-92842fc072fe 01:15:45.254 --> 01:15:46.586 pump some cold water in there. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 a6012eb7-85ba-4863-bff0-817a2342ba32 01:15:46.590 --> 01:15:48.590 That would be a travesty, NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 0cb401f6-3d2b-40de-99bf-fae57d9cbdf3 01:15:48.590 --> 01:15:51.558 and it's at this point kind of a. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 c15babf4-48a2-48c4-a477-85d763c6c952 01:15:51.560 --> 01:15:53.520 A solution that's looking for a problem. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 68d9678c-7273-4233-80c5-77e4f8c1c52e 01:15:53.520 --> 01:15:55.026 Yellowstone is not a problem at NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 b983b3b6-dd0f-4730-a57e-3b24e56e948b 01:15:55.026 --> 01:15:56.539 this point isn't showing any signs NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 8f66711d-1ec5-4279-a0cc-6b4f897c227e 01:15:56.539 --> 01:15:57.919 that it's going to do anything, NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 44ce2c68-3b03-42e6-86b4-54fc1bca50e8 01:15:57.920 --> 01:15:59.540 and there are called air systems NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 d07e8f91-8fbe-4a7c-974b-c6a9161fdec1 01:15:59.540 --> 01:16:01.209 like this all over the world. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 6b0f2f30-a7f8-4aa4-b134-0e87aefb9637 01:16:01.210 --> 01:16:02.578 This has always been sort of a mystery. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 908b8b79-cb31-4c4b-932f-1004435601cc 01:16:02.580 --> 01:16:03.984 Why pick on Yellowstone? NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 3aca072e-d6ee-426a-a84c-d9e8122d6988 01:16:03.984 --> 01:16:04.686 But why? NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 1ebab763-e3bf-47e8-a109-787811b35ecd 01:16:04.690 --> 01:16:06.210 Why make Yellowstone the boogeyman NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 f7bdab6c-f105-43f5-9bc9-1a1e6b6312ac 01:16:06.210 --> 01:16:07.730 when there's tova and Taupo, NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 9efd14bd-4792-4029-9f9f-d5131938bf13 01:16:07.730 --> 01:16:09.802 and this is called those systems everywhere NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 afbb534a-b1a3-4a1e-af07-bd8e4ca1d2af 01:16:09.802 --> 01:16:12.129 Japan in the Philippines and Indonesia, NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 9890d8ef-f53d-4c5a-9f21-b74bc96fb84d 01:16:12.130 --> 01:16:12.778 Europe so? NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 6a34d649-e7b5-4359-b6a8-203dc4ef00d9 01:16:12.778 --> 01:16:15.370 I think that proposal for you like drilling NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 ac8660be-df46-4ecd-9150-8b73630b74f2 01:16:15.436 --> 01:16:17.776 in Yeltsin only wouldn't wouldn't work. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 e588c478-abca-4c19-b734-f9512a05979a 01:16:17.780 --> 01:16:18.743 It's just unnecessary. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 ee60c597-7b3b-4f24-87dd-c5849d2d5d8f 01:16:18.743 --> 01:16:20.990 Would would do more harm than good NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 ed6a1f05-03b9-45dd-ab35-3f01468af7e8 01:16:21.048 --> 01:16:23.015 would cause a huge expense and and. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 2963c92a-7882-4bcb-9af5-e68e21adec62 01:16:23.020 --> 01:16:24.860 And there's bigger societal NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 b631230f-a307-4094-9780-e8f20c984ed0 01:16:24.860 --> 01:16:28.040 problems that that we that we face. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 cce9e465-4ca4-4e3b-811a-d5af8bca66db 01:16:28.040 --> 01:16:28.600 So no, NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 f3203cdd-f94d-4801-ac93-75079705c438 01:16:28.600 --> 01:16:30.280 there's nothing we can really do NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 c269237d-dd0e-49c4-9f8d-f76c108583d2 01:16:30.280 --> 01:16:32.160 to stop Yellowstone eruption. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 7ac0caa9-d087-4fc3-bfa8-e28a7caa3e2f 01:16:32.160 --> 01:16:34.379 And in most cases for volcanic eruptions, NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 34fe4636-aacc-4bb0-8483-193c63c6367d 01:16:34.380 --> 01:16:36.100 the best thing we can do is to NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 bb950714-a095-4df8-95d0-644e54c81c0a 01:16:36.100 --> 01:16:37.219 get out of the way. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 d42c4ac4-050e-4933-8fd6-3ab557712014 01:16:37.220 --> 01:16:39.353 And so that's why we invest so much in NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 c558ec50-8a44-4e8b-a65d-decd9daad974 01:16:39.353 --> 01:16:41.796 all volcanoes on these monitoring systems. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 21c83176-6af0-4a18-bc13-6fa57e275065 01:16:41.800 --> 01:16:43.760 Early warning systems understanding NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 dae316e5-6e00-464a-9520-65e06f8fbf23 01:16:43.760 --> 01:16:44.740 what's coming. NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 b9955989-ed9a-4fb5-9625-810e8feea0ea 01:16:44.740 --> 01:16:46.504 Being able to forecast when it's NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 821959fc-19e4-457b-9d83-45fae8ed2f01 01:16:46.504 --> 01:16:48.046 going to arrive and telling NOTE Confidence: 0.8134979 be17aaf8-148a-439e-a055-468ea3a46014 01:16:48.046 --> 01:16:49.888 people that are in harm's way. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 7359e671-ef89-4c21-87a8-e3a6c1d585f7 01:16:49.890 --> 01:16:51.156 To get out of the way. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 e94df7ce-0a13-4f81-881b-5f640ff3b69d 01:16:51.160 --> 01:16:53.626 So the best thing we can do when Volcano NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 aa8e208f-8595-4988-bd13-4fae16d93aee 01:16:53.626 --> 01:16:55.948 erupts is to not be there when it erupts. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 5e0fc102-f6ad-49e6-8c55-e900750ebde0 01:16:55.950 --> 01:16:58.010 Bigger issue for larger eruptions, NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 20b6c57d-cb32-41a5-ae32-6d097d6739d5 01:16:58.010 --> 01:16:59.010 but that's still the best. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 7d4b0744-acff-4ba8-93d1-557935d22118 01:16:59.010 --> 01:17:02.652 The best defense we have. Alright. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 d1300619-17c4-4905-b878-79d79bda9b6a 01:17:02.652 --> 01:17:06.650 Walter wanted to know if the Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 0e1c7d72-b71b-47e9-98a0-3115c1442791 01:17:06.650 --> 01:17:09.720 system were to erupt with some lava flows. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 2ce416d7-422b-451b-8e8d-9a55b30035d6 01:17:09.720 --> 01:17:12.856 How long might it be active for years, NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 2ce58211-b6e8-4feb-b149-299c65961b4d 01:17:12.860 --> 01:17:13.776 centuries, millenia? NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 6c8ff3dd-445d-4c56-bb8c-51129dedb3e7 01:17:13.776 --> 01:17:14.692 Good question. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 376b3afb-bf76-487b-b10f-f71609819ac4 01:17:14.692 --> 01:17:17.978 So these lava flows that come out NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 197b524b-dfd9-406d-afb7-a4324d1cfc4a 01:17:17.978 --> 01:17:19.838 of Yellowstone are humongous. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 9a693191-f7aa-4bec-beff-8b94419edb18 01:17:19.840 --> 01:17:22.008 They are epically big. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 21f3b71b-bbf6-4e57-a841-a09fc73572fe 01:17:22.008 --> 01:17:24.622 Hundreds of cubic kilometers, right? NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 354535ca-1ce7-4419-a5d4-1bbd8144fa3e 01:17:24.622 --> 01:17:26.832 So the eruption rates have NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 b817a038-3386-47eb-b388-a266968cccb0 01:17:26.832 --> 01:17:28.600 to be reasonably high, NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 57937804-e685-4a3e-b41b-16b6a1c3d5a8 01:17:28.600 --> 01:17:31.858 but probably these eruptions last four. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 07c227bd-ed9a-4808-a712-76ceb3147b96 01:17:31.860 --> 01:17:35.196 Years, decades, millennia is pushing it. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 e217915c-d52a-4149-aa66-9873aa47b2fa 01:17:35.200 --> 01:17:37.054 But yeah, decade decades long eruptions NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 83b88698-7ab3-494b-9b14-8ac89527f9dd 01:17:37.054 --> 01:17:39.353 of these lava flows just sort of NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 cd7fd4ee-96b7-46c6-bb9b-7b7063a74e04 01:17:39.353 --> 01:17:41.023 steamrolling everything in their path. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 7de8646c-eae5-46e0-8d25-88549c545997 01:17:41.030 --> 01:17:41.244 There. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 e8a4a28b-a3b4-41aa-8eda-880b57956829 01:17:41.244 --> 01:17:41.886 They're huge too. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 f243f077-dea2-420c-9626-6b3ca76b842a 01:17:41.886 --> 01:17:43.170 If you ever stand at Old, NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 c5a443b5-bd0c-4ac2-b473-ce44e3d68a4b 01:17:43.170 --> 01:17:45.130 Faithful and look around, NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 8fcd986c-bad6-4ddd-9f9a-8f89688c2167 01:17:45.130 --> 01:17:47.420 you had all of the higher topography. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 9689a815-9134-4b49-9ce3-1a2ee744e7cd 01:17:47.420 --> 01:17:49.390 Those are all lava flows. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 6c6d3418-b8ef-45cd-9451-428cb7fa97cb 01:17:49.390 --> 01:17:51.028 So these lava flows are really thick, NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 bd44bf50-80eb-42bd-86d7-2f9f969c25a7 01:17:51.030 --> 01:17:53.478 hundreds of feet thick, really massive. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 04282f39-aa2b-4e0c-81ba-04ae4be48902 01:17:53.480 --> 01:17:54.920 These are epically big flows and NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 cc39108b-5ed2-457b-bf4a-b8b4542276ed 01:17:54.920 --> 01:17:56.190 there are these sticky stuff. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 fc729c0f-471c-4d17-a4de-ce8fca18a947 01:17:56.190 --> 01:17:57.530 It's not like Hawaii, NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 1643dfe8-aac0-475c-a2c4-1f75b1620d5c 01:17:57.530 --> 01:17:58.870 they're really runny flows. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 d0710867-a577-4799-8ce0-26af61295ad1 01:17:58.870 --> 01:18:00.448 These are really it's basically walls NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 e13ed493-3478-4824-a8dd-f7619a156c7d 01:18:00.448 --> 01:18:02.170 of rock moving across the landscape. NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 55f5e38a-3cf7-43b9-b218-2f0cf3a8a279 01:18:02.170 --> 01:18:02.828 So yeah, NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 2f1bc135-89f5-4442-8b78-3c8073e4f328 01:18:02.828 --> 01:18:04.144 those eruptions probably last NOTE Confidence: 0.947368306666667 10bb3b14-7563-481a-a53b-fa075a89a9da 01:18:04.144 --> 01:18:06.020 for years to decades at least. NOTE Confidence: 0.84775364 5ea39283-8571-428d-b3dd-99ee6f828732 01:18:08.630 --> 01:18:09.340 Alright. NOTE Confidence: 0.896120801666667 84c0fd2d-ee20-4881-95f4-690976e9b626 01:18:11.700 --> 01:18:14.628 OK, let's see here, you know, NOTE Confidence: 0.896120801666667 ace973c0-2b90-4855-9d64-43ddf20252d1 01:18:14.630 --> 01:18:15.880 we have some other ones. NOTE Confidence: 0.896120801666667 b71abb52-715d-4d32-8adb-cbf16b8b7a57 01:18:15.880 --> 01:18:17.808 I'm getting to those. NOTE Confidence: 0.896120801666667 20a8359f-7060-412c-9e5c-8d170f0f3c58 01:18:17.808 --> 01:18:20.700 Let's see Virginia she would like NOTE Confidence: 0.896120801666667 ed6034b5-03fb-4231-91e2-33b14ea4670c 01:18:20.796 --> 01:18:22.950 to know what is the similarity, NOTE Confidence: 0.896120801666667 234805f2-943b-4afb-b7c9-f0ede129aad1 01:18:22.950 --> 01:18:26.048 if any, between early Earth and NOTE Confidence: 0.896120801666667 da8e88e4-c646-4da4-ac70-3836e0c25a24 01:18:26.048 --> 01:18:28.376 the environment of Yellowstone? NOTE Confidence: 0.896120801666667 083de1af-0660-41c6-a5c9-620af9ffe8e9 01:18:28.380 --> 01:18:29.850 Oh, that's a neat question. NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 f94c6271-aa61-4eb3-9b4f-28169b2dc4a1 01:18:31.930 --> 01:18:34.270 So environment wise I think the NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 d8d16066-7302-4451-bf3a-e1e03cb89ea7 01:18:34.270 --> 01:18:37.050 real question there is about the Hot NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 6c29dc06-aa8c-4f12-b881-d4c71911807d 01:18:37.050 --> 01:18:38.858 Springs because. The Hot Springs. NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 8ffedbd9-5653-4687-a715-45aa741bcb22 01:18:38.858 --> 01:18:40.643 All of those magnificent colors NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 90cf123a-3697-496f-8ad5-32fe8bb0ae03 01:18:40.643 --> 01:18:43.039 that you see in a post like Grand NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 d7a5993f-f5a4-4ff5-9105-e4f2daaab4a1 01:18:43.039 --> 01:18:44.918 Prismatic Spring are because there are NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 78f95e0a-a352-4a4a-b818-c0d18b569581 01:18:44.918 --> 01:18:47.179 bacteria living in the Hot Springs and NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 c2a20d35-3b96-452b-8803-99bcaef44096 01:18:47.180 --> 01:18:50.498 absolutely there is a suggestion that. NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 488d9d71-1815-462d-92eb-68f12e5bff17 01:18:50.500 --> 01:18:52.852 So these Hot Springs may duplicate NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 9f6595f3-414e-4222-aff9-44dfe22c8982 01:18:52.852 --> 01:18:54.918 the kinds of conditions that NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 aff42f50-b004-4d41-9974-01fdba53b3c3 01:18:54.918 --> 01:18:57.058 existed early in Earth's history, NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 8f88fde8-7760-48da-a6fc-a2c8369a588a 01:18:57.060 --> 01:18:58.828 and in fact, so some of you may NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 12154e25-d00a-4400-843f-444b8894cc67 01:18:58.828 --> 01:19:00.219 have heard of stromatolites. NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 70b32633-e559-424f-9d06-f09c676f2e1b 01:19:00.220 --> 01:19:04.620 These are some of the oldest living things. NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 f391ad13-c576-4cc4-bab4-c72f6ca7b4fe 01:19:04.620 --> 01:19:06.676 Allergy that kind of formed on these rocks. NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 06d7bef4-5424-431d-8408-389ebe745208 01:19:06.680 --> 01:19:08.380 There are still some stromatolites NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 e48c6fbb-0d4f-4d21-92af-c2a03c4ac79c 01:19:08.380 --> 01:19:09.740 today in in Australia, NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 84f7018b-c8b0-481f-a9ac-4bafa579e803 01:19:09.740 --> 01:19:11.700 but these are the oldest kinds of NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 cf18cea4-96e5-48f4-8b11-4243f217054f 01:19:11.700 --> 01:19:13.430 fossils that we know about the NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 8e0ae846-88f9-4148-a6c3-f80314e2161f 01:19:13.430 --> 01:19:16.315 show that origin of life there are NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 fb45afb5-692d-48e6-8e07-667b0e073d97 01:19:16.315 --> 01:19:18.650 stromatolite like things in Yellowstone NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 252f7981-d9da-45d5-a38f-cd0b808d4059 01:19:18.723 --> 01:19:21.398 in some of the Hot Springs and some NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 af5a99ae-cf8e-42c0-b798-32b0fe7dc432 01:19:21.398 --> 01:19:24.121 of the Hot Springs to have yielded NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 b3ba8054-43fd-4573-9542-0127aeb8e535 01:19:24.121 --> 01:19:26.695 amazing discoveries in terms of the NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 0c2f8447-fe7b-4076-bad4-20187f20d914 01:19:26.695 --> 01:19:29.182 bacteria and stuff that are living NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 14525ee4-df44-4386-a725-812b4c7d9d55 01:19:29.182 --> 01:19:31.930 in in the basis for the PCR tests NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 034d575c-5def-4589-b6ba-e686dcc55218 01:19:31.930 --> 01:19:34.880 that are being done to detect COVID. NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 5f6ff1a1-959f-46bc-9202-dc6cd620f524 01:19:34.880 --> 01:19:37.184 It is based on a bacteria that was NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 1a0c4730-1d99-46a5-81f7-18da51eca6c2 01:19:37.184 --> 01:19:39.416 discovered in Yellowstone in the 1960s. NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 b31090a0-d44f-4f68-a028-dfea52b7bd77 01:19:39.416 --> 01:19:41.996 A bacteria called thermos aquaticus. NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 8daec20b-7554-46fe-8cd4-c6916b676ef9 01:19:42.000 --> 01:19:43.006 So yeah, NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 6497de4a-8e91-46ef-983c-cbff556c68c9 01:19:43.006 --> 01:19:46.024 it is entirely possible that the NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 b3834554-50de-4505-9297-2546ed2655a8 01:19:46.024 --> 01:19:48.470 thermal basins in Yellowstone look NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 72ad3923-8f76-47cf-a94d-b3e6909b50c9 01:19:48.470 --> 01:19:50.812 a bit like what early Earth might NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 efed493b-e290-409c-bdda-58f8064c66ef 01:19:50.812 --> 01:19:51.556 have looked like, NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 932b51c9-0d0a-4fac-8a97-c97e4d6dc8d7 01:19:51.560 --> 01:19:53.186 and certainly some of the life NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 c724e5f1-07e6-4441-ae1b-396cbf5fce2e 01:19:53.186 --> 01:19:55.301 we see in these places might be NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 60aee97c-18db-4b83-9c38-fc6f704953f1 01:19:55.301 --> 01:19:57.245 somewhat similar to the kinds of NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 6d865fcd-38d8-4e56-863f-671df2cbf8dc 01:19:57.245 --> 01:19:59.190 things that were present when life NOTE Confidence: 0.928428942857143 877331a7-e0b3-4c9b-8ba2-6ae84551c535 01:19:59.190 --> 01:20:00.310 first evolved on Earth. NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 77bb5da3-ab44-4a55-84e2-265cfc8e7bab 01:20:02.980 --> 01:20:09.058 Alright. Let's see you have a few more here. NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 1c6f33bb-5b6d-4949-a7c7-ffa9cf293091 01:20:09.060 --> 01:20:13.160 Let me get to those and I would like to NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 1ddb207e-bc5e-40c0-b022-0995703245f6 01:20:13.160 --> 01:20:16.504 know do we know how the Snake River formed. NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 2e52c197-5cb1-4485-ac10-5db2f1843cf3 01:20:16.504 --> 01:20:19.224 The eastern SRP reflects the NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 6f22ce14-8dea-48cd-b671-e9260d92ffc5 01:20:19.224 --> 01:20:22.220 path of the Yellowstone hotspot, NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 f036e0ab-082f-4426-909f-5b48206b9b09 01:20:22.220 --> 01:20:25.010 but how about the Western SRP? NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 74421261-abce-4e9f-b3b6-873216fef1f0 01:20:25.010 --> 01:20:28.076 And why are these two parts NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 a2cfcbfe-8b0c-44d9-9e19-65619d653eb4 01:20:28.076 --> 01:20:29.742 geologically coherent? Or are they? NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 abd2e514-ec9f-4b04-9d9b-db3c5aea5b5b 01:20:29.742 --> 01:20:31.240 I'm sorry to say that I don't NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 4f33bf51-22ce-4733-9c1a-52090ea01917 01:20:31.298 --> 01:20:32.888 really know much about the western NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 52ce8a4a-c454-445d-b0f6-4871ee41ce69 01:20:32.888 --> 01:20:34.713 part of the Snake River plain this NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 4328096e-7298-421e-aa0e-1ccfc61f5cc0 01:20:34.713 --> 01:20:36.912 area right in here and why it is. NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 07f59a1c-7baf-475e-9fe7-4b2d8b9c7909 01:20:36.912 --> 01:20:39.120 It is so smooth. NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 275a299d-c526-441a-bc91-16a28c607f5a 01:20:39.120 --> 01:20:40.068 But there are some folks may, NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 0e8725e9-7ca7-44ad-be1f-b0c38ddd3370 01:20:40.070 --> 01:20:41.570 perhaps on the call, that, NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 5d01e890-cc76-48c2-850a-9b88d56ef8f1 01:20:41.570 --> 01:20:42.680 no, what that is, but I, NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 fa4819ac-0209-4cdd-a4ac-3223bf22e621 01:20:42.680 --> 01:20:44.536 I can't say if you want to email NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 82489ecb-7e09-4055-8fc5-f979659cdd5d 01:20:44.536 --> 01:20:46.511 me that that question I'd be more NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 4231e279-f95d-46be-9e7a-2f20a4951aff 01:20:46.511 --> 01:20:48.770 than happy to ask around some of my NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 422d2a84-4857-44ce-aaa6-c38be58e0e1b 01:20:48.770 --> 01:20:51.474 colleagues and see if I can look that up. NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 4c3bef84-a5ca-492f-bc26-5a85a6898fac 01:20:51.474 --> 01:20:53.859 There is an interesting track NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 02ffe8f5-2b27-45a9-aa92-c3df5c61805d 01:20:53.859 --> 01:20:56.080 volcanism that extends backwards NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 03e787b8-07d4-4bdb-9da6-84350fef3477 01:20:56.080 --> 01:20:59.314 from the hot spot to the West NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 82b5705a-8ceb-4088-913e-371f085aac91 01:20:59.314 --> 01:21:02.400 towards present day Newberry Volcano. NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 e8adce49-5beb-4e31-9bda-58eb2b679047 01:21:02.400 --> 01:21:04.456 There's a a young that goes in that NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 b962f8a2-341b-4b0e-bb13-d127a9be5eb6 01:21:04.456 --> 01:21:05.752 direction, which is really wacky. NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 77b0ef39-11b2-4a58-86d0-43daa6f2faeb 01:21:05.752 --> 01:21:06.268 You know, NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 c996c045-2697-491c-b619-982b61376ec4 01:21:06.270 --> 01:21:07.866 of course it gets younger along the NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 72c16a88-63a1-4306-b5c2-b38d9a8b7493 01:21:07.866 --> 01:21:09.408 Snake River plain if you go this way. NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 4270085d-8f19-448e-b6e8-b86ed7268b8c 01:21:09.410 --> 01:21:11.120 But there are certain types NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 bfb8edcd-d981-46b9-99da-58d6f8f0e5f0 01:21:11.120 --> 01:21:12.488 of volcanic rocks younger. NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 bc91ace0-c694-4580-a740-de510a068cf3 01:21:12.490 --> 01:21:14.488 If you go towards Central Oregon, NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 2ccda9f6-98e7-4c52-8e6e-496240cdbb67 01:21:14.490 --> 01:21:16.165 and that's not really well NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 f25ea9ea-fc97-48c1-b4d7-10917aec9988 01:21:16.165 --> 01:21:17.505 understood either there's some. NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 5961b474-5fad-4b69-a247-d935a9d57069 01:21:17.510 --> 01:21:19.256 Ideas out there about how how NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 729ea188-ff69-409b-b844-3cb09ea40919 01:21:19.256 --> 01:21:20.756 tectonics are happening in the NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 0e687de8-f0fe-4e5a-a7e1-38c2bb1f4759 01:21:20.756 --> 01:21:22.406 region that might allow for that, NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 cc578b7a-39ff-4a9f-9360-07329dae56ec 01:21:22.410 --> 01:21:24.664 but the Yellowstone system, NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 4edd4b7a-b18e-4fa4-a8d0-7e1048b1e73c 01:21:24.664 --> 01:21:26.400 even though we draw it as this NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 1f7f8c19-34da-4329-9be3-cad9324b8637 01:21:26.451 --> 01:21:27.666 very simple system going up NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 b0e0daff-5081-460d-a498-051b5df7e3c3 01:21:27.666 --> 01:21:28.881 the snake with the plane, NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 6b502c02-62f5-4011-b2c4-15245c3fef88 01:21:28.890 --> 01:21:29.880 the eastern part of the state. NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 78075178-f5e8-474d-bc35-fee7f51f692a 01:21:29.880 --> 01:21:31.272 But it's it's complex. NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 2abc7813-7314-4e9e-88cd-2365391fd677 01:21:31.272 --> 01:21:33.360 There are a lot of mysteries. NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 01c04eb7-1315-4349-b1de-02525d2cfb23 01:21:33.360 --> 01:21:36.006 That we have yet to really solve, NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 e27f5714-2cc1-4245-85c8-83b4dfeee663 01:21:36.010 --> 01:21:37.256 and I'm sorry to say I don't NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 c47bf8c3-1b29-427c-939b-c1001ac493b0 01:21:37.256 --> 01:21:38.565 really know the origin of the NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 1262298e-7338-42f0-b13c-1ac61f1bb218 01:21:38.565 --> 01:21:39.537 Western snake there playing, NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 eceb9fdb-3f0a-4e8f-8a26-36413d0d790b 01:21:39.540 --> 01:21:41.652 but if you drop a line to to NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 38b9a0fd-048f-4c89-9de0-921d3d0960fb 01:21:41.652 --> 01:21:43.679 that email address Yvo Web team, NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 1958d190-bd75-4c85-88ab-4713ef8ef9b5 01:21:43.680 --> 01:21:45.576 I'll do my best to figure that out. NOTE Confidence: 0.91260266 e04185b0-c2bf-4187-aeb7-9b0cfc8ace28 01:21:45.580 --> 01:21:46.260 I can let you know. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 6803f8b6-b94e-489d-9530-31ef91a55690 01:21:48.290 --> 01:21:52.566 Excellent. Dave has turned NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 36d93096-7a5c-453c-b1e1-d9487c7e4312 01:21:52.566 --> 01:21:54.072 activity significantly affected NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 c13be32f-fcd2-4629-b9c5-99eca7fd236e 01:21:54.072 --> 01:21:56.790 some of the Yellowstone features. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 5c41ef4f-4f69-408c-98d2-675da3da52d5 01:21:56.790 --> 01:21:58.435 I'm thinking of people throwing NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 17f35ebb-df6c-416e-89fb-7a6995a48c6b 01:21:58.435 --> 01:22:00.080 things into the Hot Springs NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 a0ae1277-3c09-4421-ba49-2c54c799d020 01:22:00.138 --> 01:22:01.698 or walking near Hot Springs, NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 d5d8500f-6f2d-45c2-b95d-e5ab4efe14d4 01:22:01.700 --> 01:22:04.625 but there could be other NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 041623e9-faa2-431f-a31d-d1d9a6b085f8 01:22:04.625 --> 01:22:07.460 things occurring as well. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 276638b8-4da1-4d44-89da-83e3b608b4d5 01:22:07.460 --> 01:22:08.768 Tours have definitely affected NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 b39f25c3-15f9-470a-8a66-59367aa7dd39 01:22:08.768 --> 01:22:09.749 the Yellowstone system, NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 2b1e8673-f077-4690-89a8-8583b89ca118 01:22:09.750 --> 01:22:11.759 and it's mostly from throwing stuff in. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 aafcfdb6-ca6d-4ee4-9e76-05d5d661f820 01:22:11.760 --> 01:22:13.224 The best example I can think NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 74e91152-d8b5-4c0a-a695-8bab5fe319e9 01:22:13.224 --> 01:22:14.570 of that is morning glory. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 967ea53e-e560-412c-a7fd-41ca8090be1a 01:22:14.570 --> 01:22:16.985 Pool morning glory is near Old faithful. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 9f442051-9de9-47d2-827c-f5dcde3fbd20 01:22:16.990 --> 01:22:18.910 It was for a long time right next NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 7ccb6876-2b72-4901-8e74-bcdaacbdd5cf 01:22:18.910 --> 01:22:20.840 to the road into Old Faithful. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 49acf98f-738f-46b5-9c0b-87ff51d1b531 01:22:20.840 --> 01:22:22.280 And it was one of the first stops NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 2ee96233-9a34-4206-b14c-f246d31155c2 01:22:22.280 --> 01:22:23.560 that people made in the old faith. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 45898425-4572-4335-a082-c76f3dc5512a 01:22:23.560 --> 01:22:25.933 Larry is a beautiful blue pool name NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 4a18a919-2da4-43e7-8d27-912f29152060 01:22:25.933 --> 01:22:28.268 through the flower morning glory flower NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 47eeb5ad-52dc-4198-a8b0-845517b794c9 01:22:28.270 --> 01:22:32.420 and people would throw stuff in and. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 fdaf3554-0560-4614-bcf4-5e5935a40b48 01:22:32.420 --> 01:22:35.040 Overtime all the junk that NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 807e5348-d3e9-4d52-80f3-564c4c89bbaa 01:22:35.040 --> 01:22:37.660 was thrown in clogged the. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 bc6be952-3829-4fc8-815e-d594d1ff552d 01:22:37.660 --> 01:22:41.846 The inlet to the pool and the NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 53b25172-fbc3-4907-9567-dffbb92fa7ed 01:22:41.846 --> 01:22:43.494 pool temperature started to NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 ac019e4c-bdd1-4acf-ab9e-d54c8527cd2f 01:22:43.494 --> 01:22:44.886 decrease and not allowed. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 8c0ef977-bdad-4c38-bf22-239caca7d310 01:22:44.890 --> 01:22:46.969 Different types of bacteria to grow in NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 6f812ff3-8801-4c71-82b8-3e586ee55b8b 01:22:46.969 --> 01:22:48.810 it and change the color of the pool. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 c458ad9f-3b02-4886-9634-1adcfc76e369 01:22:48.810 --> 01:22:50.898 Now it looks like a mini grand prismatic. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 17085784-bd16-4a04-a07b-b8e42877c56e 01:22:50.900 --> 01:22:52.610 It's like a rainbow color. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 96584185-64b0-46a3-9bd4-6c472bb4464a 01:22:52.610 --> 01:22:55.004 They even tried to clean out morning glory. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 ed2277dd-7e51-4ba1-8210-2c738e3c4de8 01:22:55.004 --> 01:22:55.730 They drained it. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 1ce93093-bc8f-42b3-a897-8fa5e4a4f516 01:22:55.730 --> 01:22:57.032 The Park Service drained and they NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 b201ada0-1e89-4fa1-bf3b-90422ffb9a04 01:22:57.032 --> 01:22:58.629 vacuumed out as much stuff they could. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 73f97bf2-c67b-4eea-ab51-6d6e6c91899c 01:22:58.630 --> 01:23:00.466 They got like hundreds of dollars NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 ee64082a-bfdb-4158-a063-cde1e701f347 01:23:00.466 --> 01:23:02.379 of coins out of the thing, NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 11e6ad6a-0f00-4552-b25f-427289ee386c 01:23:02.380 --> 01:23:04.244 along with handkerchiefs and NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 7c406593-8d7a-474f-94a0-8da4fd33da12 01:23:04.244 --> 01:23:06.108 all kinds of junk, NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 d90f6525-30c5-43c3-8b08-f67c47cc0c3e 01:23:06.110 --> 01:23:08.294 but it hasn't come back to that. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 8d0e7a0f-5672-43ac-ac60-936198f096a2 01:23:08.300 --> 01:23:08.617 Former. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 5ada78c0-c2ad-4a99-986a-9971d6fbb76d 01:23:08.617 --> 01:23:09.568 Perfectly blue color, NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 a40b6a6d-92c3-40f9-9c15-4f7ffa83c810 01:23:09.568 --> 01:23:11.783 so people throwing stuff in and it NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 df89c9d5-d30c-4b3b-8682-ef2384d34c54 01:23:11.783 --> 01:23:13.815 used to be a tourist attraction to throw. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 26dbeb69-94d8-41de-a25d-96f3c58b7181 01:23:13.820 --> 01:23:15.770 So there's one called handkerchief pool, NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 87f8ab5b-20f3-4f1b-a533-3f0c2c18f9eb 01:23:15.770 --> 01:23:17.543 which is not too far from Old Faithful Inn. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 3e8c5fa4-ad27-46a5-b7fb-950f4eaecc49 01:23:17.550 --> 01:23:19.776 You would throw a handkerchief in and NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 155fdde6-2714-4c8e-b44e-a720a7cf1755 01:23:19.776 --> 01:23:21.438 it would disappear and then would come NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 a76cc273-d2dd-43b3-9085-3784bdb726a4 01:23:21.438 --> 01:23:22.750 shooting back up a few seconds later. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 725d7853-4fb8-4b57-adac-590f9a5ef167 01:23:22.750 --> 01:23:23.857 And so this was a thing that you did NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 97aab073-be44-49ea-ab5b-920f875625f5 01:23:23.857 --> 01:23:24.896 you through your handkerchief and it NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 5a9297ad-6ee0-429e-82bd-8d5706762151 01:23:24.896 --> 01:23:26.765 went into the pool, came back out. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 388a1cda-8bc5-43d2-b9ae-721299b994a8 01:23:26.765 --> 01:23:30.240 Hey I got a thermal handkerchief or whatever. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 23f6300a-b521-41f2-8063-87aa6d4562ae 01:23:30.240 --> 01:23:32.864 That kind of stuff is done quite a NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 eeb7d5d0-7d80-4fd5-a807-8b6ae94fe5f8 01:23:32.864 --> 01:23:34.545 lot and and another great example. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 b39f3085-c994-4d5f-9734-d74175f2e739 01:23:34.545 --> 01:23:36.620 There was a swimming pool at Old Faithful. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 f6f08015-6098-49f6-a8b8-a1eb1eb4ab1d 01:23:36.620 --> 01:23:37.696 Can you believe this? NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 f9c5f112-1d26-4fae-aadd-f42f447288fc 01:23:37.696 --> 01:23:39.592 There was a thermal swimming pool like NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 1eda2b3a-6abb-4908-a3f6-82a6221864df 01:23:39.592 --> 01:23:41.606 a hot spring pool at Old Faithful from NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 5858eae6-b2ef-419f-9ff1-2f2097e571fb 01:23:41.606 --> 01:23:45.080 the early part of the 1900s to the 50s. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 c6d28dc5-1d3a-4612-a794-f77e68feaf70 01:23:45.080 --> 01:23:46.816 The way they fed the pool was to NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 52ef1f12-fa2c-471a-b0ea-f48e6e9d8cad 01:23:46.816 --> 01:23:49.017 put a pipe up to solitaire E Geyser, NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 7e351277-d420-4ebc-ae0d-6a768ed236f0 01:23:49.020 --> 01:23:51.420 which is on the hill above Old Faithful NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 fad7ff2f-fdca-452c-9365-3b923ee9e77b 01:23:51.420 --> 01:23:54.700 and to tap that water to go into the pool. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 82879d0f-33f4-4970-825e-d7e95c539ec1 01:23:54.700 --> 01:23:55.410 And when they did that, NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 912c94eb-8cd6-4367-add3-fee71fc4cf96 01:23:55.410 --> 01:23:57.156 they changed the way solitairy behave. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 1c4805d6-9415-4657-bf4a-035ca76ae898 01:23:57.160 --> 01:23:58.740 Now eventually they demolish the NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 a2131dfd-8d33-4f5c-a26b-8f09677d3937 01:23:58.740 --> 01:24:00.929 pool and got rid of the pipe. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 39b4c4c9-aa0a-410e-b5f5-92fb20b5b925 01:24:00.930 --> 01:24:02.428 But Solitaire E still has not gone NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 0512e259-f5b8-49d8-93d7-222c40490d11 01:24:02.428 --> 01:24:04.137 back to the way it used to behave. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 ce3c2a36-c653-4b2a-869b-9f7ba3afbd92 01:24:04.140 --> 01:24:05.282 So yeah, NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 78b352b5-bf96-4e71-b22c-2b300097ba75 01:24:05.282 --> 01:24:07.771 humans have absolutely impacted the NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 ff93cefa-4695-4202-8f9c-9f5e9fe13545 01:24:07.771 --> 01:24:08.977 the system by throwing stuff in, NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 1557465e-a4de-414c-ae38-87498dd0956f 01:24:08.980 --> 01:24:10.387 and in some cases like the the NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 bb5c8f46-5d78-4123-bcc3-498c9a041bcf 01:24:10.387 --> 01:24:10.990 the swimming pool, NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 44c1104e-1163-4bc1-8e07-57bb51727129 01:24:10.990 --> 01:24:12.934 the old faithful and I I was I was NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 0ee1283b-46da-4f33-91c4-a1bc86a2c3ce 01:24:12.934 --> 01:24:14.495 pretty shocked when I was walking NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 96197937-a69c-402f-896c-a4237b9bb470 01:24:14.495 --> 01:24:16.109 around with one of the Rangers NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 7d036219-c7a0-47aa-95b1-a462d4d06f15 01:24:16.109 --> 01:24:17.985 and she pointed to this very flat NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 d98fbd03-f7bb-4d2c-9f9a-ccd6e392d69e 01:24:17.985 --> 01:24:19.538 area near the Firehole River City. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 33ccefbc-c87d-43f7-9df5-2717adc53774 01:24:19.538 --> 01:24:21.240 That's where the pool used to be. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 ad1d0b93-ee84-4034-bdf4-e26260043779 01:24:21.240 --> 01:24:24.438 What pool? Yeah. NOTE Confidence: 0.93058276 ebcc0a52-21e0-41cd-ab33-a0f9432adfdd 01:24:24.440 --> 01:24:26.776 That that way, then that's a real thing. NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 092ca1a9-14ff-4ec4-bb0b-bf3aa269cb3a 01:24:26.780 --> 01:24:28.495 We wrote a caldera chronicles about that. NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 61a45480-5e06-4f16-973b-5ff9913e834a 01:24:28.500 --> 01:24:29.900 If you want to see some photos of NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 60a8649e-7482-465b-be59-7cb858b2fa1c 01:24:29.900 --> 01:24:31.162 what the pool looked like actually NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 f15964fb-456e-477a-a936-bdcf25f507d5 01:24:31.162 --> 01:24:32.374 look like a pretty nice place, NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 b114a64b-0445-4882-8450-6590bac0ff07 01:24:32.380 --> 01:24:34.445 but still crazy to think that there's NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 f22b3e12-d33e-4798-a53d-d1fb35380261 01:24:34.445 --> 01:24:36.638 a pool right next to the faithful. NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 e7f2f3e3-9a37-4634-98b2-ea5cd8359cee 01:24:36.640 --> 01:24:37.966 Yeah, no kidding. NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 70d3f96c-c04c-4028-898f-c8f7f88f14a0 01:24:37.966 --> 01:24:39.734 My goodness. Well, Mike, NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 df4c108f-f798-43e2-9370-a8e7dd4fe764 01:24:39.734 --> 01:24:43.270 thank you so much for your talk tonight. NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 c5702387-c580-4a2e-971a-6280b31c2e5c 01:24:43.270 --> 01:24:45.808 I mean, it was absolutely fascinating. NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 ddba8144-25e4-4007-ad93-07a4cc2bbeea 01:24:45.810 --> 01:24:46.894 You answered so many NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 7cf67c32-5676-4851-8505-045e1d934caa 01:24:46.894 --> 01:24:47.978 questions from our audience, NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 3026d267-d730-429d-ba40-ae29f1368770 01:24:47.980 --> 01:24:51.400 so I know that they appreciate it very much. NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 4aae6151-2a00-4f06-b959-a66ada34aa9a 01:24:51.400 --> 01:24:53.584 My pleasure if anyone has any questions NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 ef089b3c-abe6-45d1-b293-aa1b319288f6 01:24:53.584 --> 01:24:55.939 that that you weren't able to get to, NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 a2fb0784-8238-404a-a40c-1b68a5a7d381 01:24:55.940 --> 01:24:58.610 you can feel free to just send an NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 ebe52c5a-4596-4b4d-9685-afa752716ce7 01:24:58.610 --> 01:25:00.745 email and I'm more than happy to. NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 14644380-397a-4fc2-bac7-671a227eb8fe 01:25:00.750 --> 01:25:02.886 I'm always happy to talk Yellowstone. NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 05f6272b-1d4c-4f99-8150-c94d3ada9c08 01:25:02.890 --> 01:25:03.846 Yeah, no, that's right. NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 373c307f-83f4-4b87-bcc3-3dce6f3c1180 01:25:03.846 --> 01:25:05.830 It's at for those of you out there. NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 c71685fb-9350-4265-8749-2d5c5d323ee8 01:25:05.830 --> 01:25:10.096 It's Yvo webteam at USGS Gov, NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 20ae6b1a-a2fa-437b-b694-809188f083eb 01:25:10.100 --> 01:25:12.708 so we have it up there and again, NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 6d52deec-2ce1-441e-9e54-509a17953bb6 01:25:12.710 --> 01:25:14.831 thank you so much and I also NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 08ce331e-d644-43fc-abf7-f1fa9ec7902b 01:25:14.831 --> 01:25:17.195 want to thank all of you out NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 165822e8-d64a-4d7e-8aa9-8124a42f4358 01:25:17.195 --> 01:25:18.920 there who joined us tonight. NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 6e5df553-6464-4edb-b885-08d2452f0f5b 01:25:18.920 --> 01:25:21.188 Mike's lecture will be available later NOTE Confidence: 0.8241221 517fa094-1e1b-4893-85e2-60e371a7ffa7 01:25:21.188 --> 01:25:24.100 for on demand viewing on our website at NOTE Confidence: 0.795702064 a2ceb9f2-c109-427a-901b-216b245ae611 01:25:30.330 --> 01:25:31.914 www.usgs.gov/P LS and. NOTE Confidence: 0.795702064 d443814c-c270-434b-bd72-b93e65d2bb49 01:25:31.914 --> 01:25:35.082 Again, we hope you can come NOTE Confidence: 0.795702064 b3b78779-6f2c-41f1-aab2-52653c11e6a9 01:25:35.082 --> 01:25:38.983 back next year, January 27th, NOTE Confidence: 0.795702064 0a0127be-b917-4938-a451-a249907f1492 01:25:38.983 --> 01:25:42.207 2022 at 6:00 PM Pacific Time to hear NOTE Confidence: 0.795702064 f3dec0e7-1773-4b0b-bcb3-37d41f335aea 01:25:42.207 --> 01:25:44.838 Thomas Edwards four species here, NOTE Confidence: 0.795702064 e326f6af-88c7-4cfa-8b5c-dd2ca53c62b9 01:25:44.840 --> 01:25:47.780 species there and species species NOTE Confidence: 0.795702064 45170832-b808-4ce1-a6b3-5e7f5d80a284 01:25:47.780 --> 01:25:50.132 everywhere until next time. NOTE Confidence: 0.795702064 7005fb48-fc59-4db0-8f87-6dbb25058aaa 01:25:50.140 --> 01:25:51.190 Goodbye for now.